PLEASE MENTION MINIMUM OF 8 REFERENCES OF YOUR TOPIC AND DISCUSS YOUR ANSWER
How do your references help you write about your topic? (helping you with kinds/ solution/negative or positive points/ impact/ description/ etc) of your topic:
مریم نیامی
سهشنبه 24 اردیبهشتماه سال 1387 ساعت 09:42 ق.ظ
سپیده آذرخش
چهارشنبه 25 اردیبهشتماه سال 1387 ساعت 06:27 ب.ظ
At the start of the writing process, the writer needs to make sure that he/she understands what his/her teacher’s expectations are for this particular assignment. Then we need to develop a topic and do research. Even after we have decided on our initial topic, it is important to continue a routine of reading new journals and technical reports and attending seminars. All of these sources can contribute to the development of our idea. At this stage we can add one question: How can these ideas help me solve my research problem? We should remember that often the initial idea is quite far from the final topic. If we remain active in reading and listening, it will be much easier to generate alternative topics if the time comes. We may need to modify our topic during the research process. We can never be sure what we will find. The sources we use depend on what our assignment requires, what is available, and what sources we prefer to use. We can use key word for this purpose. A keyword is a word that is used as a starting point for finding information on a particular topic. When you are searching a database, you choose keywords to find information related to your topic, so you should choose words that represent important ideas related to the subject. If you use broad terms you will get a lot of results; if use narrow terms, you will get fewer results. You can use one word (novels) or a phrase (Gothic novels) or a combination (Gothic novels AND English literature.) and the result that we find will certainly affect our topic sentence by making it more specific. Secondary source is helpful too. Secondary source is searching requires us to be organized. We should ideally go to the library or a database such as the Literary Reference Center with a list of some titles from our preliminary searches. Database searching will yield far more information than we will likely need, so it is important to be focused. At the same time, expect that as we locate information, we will want to revise the elements of our paper’s content depending on what we find and what interests us. We can begin by searching for titles or authors. Then, browse plot summaries and reviews. After this, focus on criticism, interviews, and essays that will provide support for our paper. When using a database like the Literary Reference Center, skim each source directly via the full text link before you can print it out. As we begin to print out exceptional sources, we can start processing our “Working Bibliography” which is a list of information on each source we are evaluating.
The most important step in a research is to find good resources and to study recently published related works. The organization of what is summarized from these resources reflects the points studied. It is also important how to collect related materials from those different sources. First you should organize all of the articles by year of publication. This allows you to see if there has been any shift in widely accepted assumptions about a particular topic. You might also organize the studies by whether or not they are related to our study. Although part of the purpose of a research is to demonstrate, it should not be a recounting of everything you read. Remember the purpose of a good research is to demonstrate how your study relates to previous studies. Generally our resources give us perception, information and help us know more about the topic. So it is essential to categorize the information we receive, study it in detail, analyze and summarize it carefully and organize it in our research.
How do your references help you write about your topic? (Helping you with kinds/ solution/ negative or positive points/ impact/ description/ etc) of your topic
References are our sources that are include information, ideas, quotations , books essays or even other researches and we can use in our research study. When I was searching sources for my topic I found that source gathering is a process and should do it carefully. Sometimes the information or ides were too long to write in my text thus take time to read whole of items and selecting those which are suitable for my study then I should abridge ideas or quotations as short as possible since long quotations interrupted my text , there was also a lot of information in websites while the name of the authors didn’t mention although they were useful I couldn’t use them, on the other hand some ideas were share between them I didn’t know who for the first time described that idea and which one should I choose as my reference, the next problem was the variety of the points of view about my topic on websites since I hadn’t enough time to study all of them I couldn’t use them in my research there were also other problems that I faced when I tried to accumulate my resources It was impossible to find everything which I needed in one trip to the library or one hour searching on the internet. Because each source could provide only a few information for me some times just two or three line of them were useful for my topic, there were some sources that introduced other references for my topic in which I could find lots of reference books and websites those books were not available for me but among websites I could gather more information which were useful for me , I should divided them to two group : primary sources like charts graphs statistics and other original documents and secondary sources which were about primary sources or about information extracted from them they were in the form of opinion , lectures and essays. I tried to use both of them since my topic was history and I wanted my research paper be complete investigation of my topic. Of course I tried to evaluate the accuracy of the sources on the websites too. While I was conducting my research I learned more about my topic and discover even more resources that I could use for another research in this field.
حامد زمانی
یکشنبه 29 اردیبهشتماه سال 1387 ساعت 01:05 ق.ظ
after using my resourses i understood how usefull they were.the most important aspect was narrowing my topic. it help me not to diverg in many directons and get to the main point.it helps me to follow one path and technicly carry on my way to preaper the research which i want to get. it gives me lots of information about the core of my study and i understood where i should go and where i should not. it also has an exact point of view about some aspect of my study which help me to come to some points which is vitally helpfull for me but i could not find these without the help of them and they were really scientific. but some problems which i encounter were the diffrences of our culture and others this gap and their system of their study were two factors which made me nervous about the result. but my up to date resources was another helpfull ang good aspect of these resourses becuase they were done recently and my work was easier. if even one native person worked befor it was really helpfull for me.becuase most of my resourses were books and weblogs they were more trustworthy and more documented.the famouse people had their idea on them.
فرامرز فتوحی
یکشنبه 29 اردیبهشتماه سال 1387 ساعت 01:26 ق.ظ
the very helpfull and usefull character of any research is that it gives you lots of information and by having this informaton you now what to do and you can stick to your topic and can have good knowelege of your research paper. by having many refrences you will understand which one is better for your research. but it can make your job more difficult becuase you should be really carefull about what you are writing. by having one good resource you can find more and more related topics.other problem is that for me i find it abit irritating if i want my last result a bit diffrent with my resourses.my big problem was finding books in my country.and when i found they were really expensive
فرزانه نوروزی
یکشنبه 29 اردیبهشتماه سال 1387 ساعت 08:00 ب.ظ
Firstly, I select my basic topic by searching in the table of contents of my books and searching in the internet. I try to find a subject which really I like. After selecting it, I decide to narrow down my subject. I start to read different articles I found on the internet in order to have general idea about the subject. Then, I choose my thesis statement. Fore example: some of articles (Comb, 2007; Michael Toney, 1999; Dr. Kizlik, 2008) defines the lesson plan and shows the importance of having it, its negative and positive points, and advise it for all novice and experienced teachers. Other articles such as: Manal El-Tigi, 1999; Comb, 2007; and Dr. Kitzinger, 1999 suggested the stages and the process of planning according to rules. Dr. Kizlik, fore example, in his article explains the six common mistakes the teachers' makes in planning the lesson plan and provides solutions in order to avoid mistakes. Michael Toney (1991) lists six reasons to prepare a lesson plan and describe key components that each lesson plan should have.
The most important part of researches are sources.so, every one for doing good research should find scientific sources that are true. I found some sources that teach me some point about my subject for my research. For example I found in a news in BBC that learning second language boosts grey matter of brain that in early ages it's increasing is more than other ages. In other news in BBC I read that with increasing age rate of hearing decrease so children in early ages can hear better so, they learn better and speak fluent. In abstract of one research by Dominican College of San Raphael shows that there isn’t any relationship between age and learning (or little relationship) based on learner scores that were same in the whole. In one essay by Schleppegrell, Mary, he says that use materials that provide an interesting and comprehensible message, delay speaking practice and emphasize the development of listening comprehension so; it shows less learning rather than earlier learner. And by other sources I learned some other points
We need many information for our research. We must collected these information from books, journal, articles, historical records, statistic information, online sources of internet,… About my research, I found many sources from internet more than 23 sources about alphabet teaching. I read all of them carefully and then get main point of them. I searched a lot for finding good methods for teaching. In this site (www.alphabet_soup.net vinnie, Vicky) I found more than 10 good methods for teaching alphabet to pre_school child. These methods are very interesting, when I read them ,I thought that it was excellent if our teachers used this methods in kindergarten or primary school. According to another site (www.welltrainedmind.com Jessie wise 2007) I understood that for better solution ,we must talked more with our child, talk and talk based on these conversation the child’s mind ability grew and he/she could learn better. I understood why some children were late talkers and very slow learn to read, its because of negative function of their parents. In other part researcher said that ‘ try to learn your children use pencil at early age and teach them the correct way to hold the pencil. In site (www.eduqna.com) I get familiar with different devices like flash cards, posters, index card, movies, ABC song,… these tools have positive influence on children learning. In (www.letterland.com) researcher suggested that taught sounds of the letters before learnt them the letter of their names. He said that it’s easy and effective way of teaching. In site (www.pbs.org Victoria R.fu)I understood that learning environment is one of the important thing about teaching or what should children learn? I used some books for my research one of them is ‘science of main trends in the language’ by Roman Jakobson. There are many research on learning and teaching language on it. I have two magazine about children ,name of one of them is ‘the early years’. I surveyed every thing about child from baby to teenager. An other magazine is ‘scientific American reports’ this is nice magazine about development of child’s learning.
Before we can decide on a focus, we need to explore our topic, to become informed about the topic, to build on our knowledge and experience. we'll be locating books, articles, videos, internet and other resources about our topic and reading to learn. we're looking for an issue, an aspect, a perspective on which to focus our research paper. This is the first step in which we'll probably be checking books out of the library. Encyclopedias won't be much help here. we're looking for treatments of our topic which are either more comprehensive or more specific than an encyclopedic treatment. As we read, start taking notes of what we're learning about our topic—concepts, issues, problems, areas where experts agree or disagree. Keep track of the bibliographic references for the information we're using, and write down a note or two of what's contained in the book, article, Website, etc. There's nothing more frustrating than knowing we read something earlier about a particular point and not being able to locate it again when we decide it's something we need. While we're learning about our topic, intentionally look for possible focuses in the material. we could spend enormous amounts of time reading, especially about an interesting topic, without being any closer to a focus unless we purposefully keep that goal in our mind while we read. Try our choices of focus on for "size" as we did our topic. Which ones fit the assignment, the size, scope and type of the paper? Think about which of our possible focuses has the best chance for making a successful paper. If we find several themes within our topic which each are too small to support the entire paper, can they be combined to form a focus.
صدیقه فیضی
دوشنبه 30 اردیبهشتماه سال 1387 ساعت 05:31 ب.ظ
My topic is about a novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne, its name is “the scarlet letter”. 1) www.bartleby.com this site helped me to know some symbols in this novel that are very important and meaningful but I didn’t catch them. 2) www.web.csustan.edu/English/reuben/pal/chap3/hawthorne.htm an essay by Paul P.Reuben, it helps me to know more about Hawthorne’s historical background, and things that have had influences on him: his puritan family background and puritan beliefs that effected on his works. For example beliefs in existence of the devil and determinism. 3) www.web.csustan.edu/English/reuben/pal/chap3/hawthorne.htm an essay by David Noceti, “The custom House” in the novel refers author’s idea about romance and also search the dark past of his puritan family. 4) www.Sparknotes.com in this site I found: The name “Pearl” evokes a biblical allegorical device—the “pearl of great price” that is salvation. 5) www.megaessay.com Intuition is one of techniques of Romanticism. In The Scarlet Letter Pearl has made an A out of eelgrass. Hester wonders why she has made it and asks if she knows what her A means. Pearl replies, it is for the same reason the minister keeps his hand over his heart. 6) www.123helpme.com nature is one of key factors in romantic works (when Nature acts as a mirror for human emotions). In this novel the whole prison is covered in dark shrubbery except for the one rosebush that represents Hester. 7) www.Hawthorneinsalem it suggest other symbols and some characteristics of major characters. 8) Literary schools by Dr.Haghighi this book help me to know more about romanticism.
For doing my research project actually I need to have research for facts, evidences & somehow specific definitions. First I made the research question for my project (what is the best age for learning second language?)This is a particular question I am asking about my subject. Those data which I gathered for doing my projects are actually secondary materials. In a secondary study we rely on the observation, facts, result & opinions that other gathered & developed on the topic today in order to access to such information is the internet search engine. I used a number of such services available – google & yahoo. I found some articles which are related to my topic. When I read those data I gain a kind of dilemma about my hypothesis. As I read further & further I found some answer to my research question. among my data I found some definition about brain & different parts of it which are related to this area of researching .In fact they were some positive guidelines for me .therefore I found that it is necessary for doing my research project to study of some linguistic definition . So I asked from my linguistic professor about the books which can help me & he introduce me some books about those criteria (e.g.) (George Yule’s the study of language & second language acquisition by Rod Ellis. one of those I rely on is the real experiences which I see every day & those experiences which I myself experience them. As I gathered on internet gave me guidelines. Consequently I prefer in my research project first I define different area of mind & then survey the different ideas based on those definition & characteristic of brains & finally to make a conclusion & finding the answer of my question.
فرحناز عسگری
دوشنبه 30 اردیبهشتماه سال 1387 ساعت 10:55 ب.ظ
we need to explore our topic, to become informed about the topic, to build on our knowledge and experience. we'll be locating books, articles, videos, internet and other resources about our topic and reading to learn.we are looking for an issue, an aspect, a perspective on which to focus our research paper. books out of the library. Encyclopedias won't be much help here. we're looking for treatments of your topic which are either more comprehensive or more specific than an encyclopedic treatment, with various authors' summaries, analyses and opinions. But, until we've chosen a focus, we are not really on a mission of gathering information. If we gather information on the topic as a whole, we'll waste a lot of time doing it and have way too much to sort through when we are ready to write ourr paper. Resist the temptation to "gather" until you've chosen a focus.
غزال حسن بیک
دوشنبه 30 اردیبهشتماه سال 1387 ساعت 11:58 ب.ظ
First of all its helps me to get more information about the subject , second its inform me that which kind of language I should choose for writing , third one its helps me to know the other person who research about this subject before , fourth one its knowing me new sources , article and book about this subject , fifth its helps me to know how put my information together in an ordered way , sixth its woke up some of my negative and positive idea that I had about that subject and I was careless toward them ,and at the end its helps me to show me how I could collect the information ,how organize them ,and how a research inform to the other people .
1. pinker,steven.1994. Language learn ability and language development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University press.
2. O'grady, William. 2005. How children learn language? University of Hawaii, Cambridge university press.
3. bloom, paul. 2002. How children learn the meaning of words. Cambridge, MA: MIT press.
4. saffran, jenny, 2001. Infants may offer clues to language development .University of Wisconsin-Madison.
5. Berwick, Robert. 1985. The acquisition of syntactic knowledge. Cambridge. MA: MIT press.
6. BBC (2007) - "language & literacy" march 03, 2002.online.<http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies/grownups/childre_learn/language/language & literacy> [2007,may 8]
7. CDI (1998) - "language development chart" - jun 05, 2005. online.<http:// www. CDI. Com / child development institute / children / development / chart> [2006, may 12]
8. parenting (1984)- "how babies learn to talk" – February 02,2007. online. <http:// www. Parenting. com / parenting / article / 0.19840 . 648474. html > [2007, march 20]
4.During searching and gathering data for my research paper I find many important information about my topic "the effect of crying on the body".For example in one of refrences "About crying" by psychologist Barbara Walsh she states that"crying is not a sign of weakness but rather a feature of the human adaptive process."and "we all know that we feel better after having a good cry and now science can explain why this is so."she says that the " and "we all know that we feel better after having a good cry and now science can explain why this is so."she says that "the act of crying allwes the bodys chmistry todo some rebalancing." Randolph Cornelius(1986) in"Is crying good for you"he confirms that "It is wide spread belief in the western world that crying is therapeutic and also the converse, that failure to cry is a danger to our health."often patiens who cry during sessions whilst talking about subjects of crucial emotional importance to them,spontaneously say how much better they feel or may report in the next session how they were upset at the time but felt much better after wards." In nother refrence Frey et al proposed that tears prformed a sort of physical catharsis, expelling toxins from the body." another refrence that give me important informathion is"why crying is coping and why you should cry if you can?"by Nomi kaim Iin which he declares that"crying plays an essential role in our biology as well as our social and cultural experiences."Acording to him i find that the main part of a tear contains ,water,salt like sodiume chloride and potassium chloride,antibodies and enzymes that target micro-organism.morever i found that protein is the most important ingredient of the tear,andwhat do protein do?Also Nomi Kaim confirms that"one major stress hormone released from the body via tears, prolactin, is found in much higher concentration in womans bodies than mens."and "It seems humans are the only ones to cry"
When I find source material relevant to my subject, I make a decision about my initial response. I can write to note cards to record key ideas and write notation about photocopied ideas. After reading material, I can choose key ideas of the source by reducing it to an outline and I can write a précis to summarize the whole. I can choose my own outline to capture an author’s primary themes that is list the main ideas and subtopics to show my issues and identify parallel parts and supporting ideas. I can find primary sources and secondary sources that help me to writing research paper. Each of them helps me to write about author, character, theme, existentialism, symbolism, and etc. http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/godot/ http://www.gradesaver.com/classicnotes/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot http://www.theatrehistory.com/french/beckett002.htmltitles/WaitingForGodot/ http://www.hewett.norfolk.sch.uk/curric/english/Godot.htm http://www.samuel-beckett.net/L2BeckEssay.html http://www.123helpme.com/search.asp?text=godot http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/existentialism
سپیده آذرخش
سهشنبه 31 اردیبهشتماه سال 1387 ساعت 10:23 ب.ظ
It is important to provide complete information about our primary source whether found in a printed source or online. The basic elements to include in a citation for a published print source are: author of the document, title of the document, title of the book if different from the document, name of editor or author of the book, place of publication, publisher, year, and page numbers. The basic elements to include in a citation for an online source are: author of the document, title of the document, title of the web site, author or producer of the web site, url, date (if given) and date accessed. There’s a lot of information out there, not all of which is trustworthy. The quantity of information available is so staggering that we cannot know everything about a subject. And there’s the problem of trying to decide which studies have produced reliable results. Similarly, for information on other topics, there’s not only a huge quantity out there but a very uneven level of quality. In short, we have to sift and make decisions all the time and we want to make responsible choices that we won’t regret. Evaluating sources is an important skill we need all the time. We have to decide where to look, what clues to search for, and what to accept. We may be overwhelmed with too much information or too little. Learning how to evaluate effectively is a skill we need for our course papers. When writing research papers, we will also be evaluating sources as we search for information. We will need to make decisions about what to search for, where to look, and once you’ve found material on our topic, whether to use it in your paper. While I was looking for sources about my topic I found that it is a very difficult and complicated work because there are so many papers and articles in internet that are related to my topic and because I wanted to find information about reading comprehension I had to narrow my topic down but I didn’t know how to do that. So I started to read some essays about my topic like http://www.aft.org/pubs-reports/american_educator/spring2003/AE_SPRNG.pdf http://www.aft.org/pubs-reports/american_educator/issues/winter06-07/CogSci.pdf http://www.formatex.org/micte2005/12.pdf And it was very helpful because it helped me to find my direction. It made me think of comparing reading comprehension with something else that could be listening, writing, vocabulary or speaking. Then I started to read other articles and essays like http://exchanges.state.gov/forum/vols/vol44/no4/p28.htm http://kolea.kcc.hawaii.edu/tcc/tcc_conf96/farrand.html http://www.hull.ac.uk/languages/postgraduate/MA_Translation/module_catalogue.doc These information about the relationship between reading comprehension and translation and reading essays like http://www.mt-archive.info/MTS-1999-Fuji.pdf http://www.mt-archive.info/MT-1965-Pfafflin.pdf I decided to choose my topic that was about the relationship between reading comprehension and translation quality.
Mohsen Babaee
سهشنبه 31 اردیبهشتماه سال 1387 ساعت 10:30 ب.ظ
a good refrence first of all shows the way and indirectly tells how to go forward.it is like a candel in the darkness but remember that only standard refrences can do that function.a good refrence also reminds us that any topic is restricted to a special local.for example my research is about developing literacy in second language learners and on that refrence i noticed that some styles of teaching is only specified for some student.for example reading comprehension for spanish native speaker is much easier way to teach english than other styles,so in America those teachers focuse on reading comprehension and they make their students to expand their vocabularies field. another thing that we face in standard refrences is that you can find more good refrence on each refrence,they address each other.good refrences also leran us how to categorize our information and how to make the body of the essay.before i read a good refrence most of the time i switched to to another field that is not related to topic.even we get familiar with some critics ideas about the topic that is very essential for a researcher.researcher wants to predict readers action ,so now he can guesses what will be the reaction of the reader.
When a researcher starts writing paper, he needs a lot of sources to help him for developing papers. In this way we need references which they are our sources. After choosing topic and collecting references, now we should check them for the recently published. In my research, references give me a lot of information about my topic and about the result of other researches. When I use them, my concentration is on my topic and I can easily analyze my finding and summarize them for writing paper. References give me positive and negative points about my topic, also about the questions which may come to readers mind, it help me to find solution for giving answer to them. My references contain books, internet library, other researches, personal experience, and the experiment which I am doing.
اشرف امیری
چهارشنبه 1 خردادماه سال 1387 ساعت 12:06 ب.ظ
First of all,i need to be sure that i understand all of my sources. The best way to make sure that i understand a source is to summarize it. In summarizing.
1- in summarizing a source I need to put this argument in my own language. (in a simple and easy to understand language)Some of the sources might use language that confusing. When I try to summarizei have to be in a sense translating an argument into language that I can understand and can work with.
• One of the benefits of Summarizing is that it enables us to see if there is any aspect of the argument that i don'tunderstand. If i find myself confused, as I attempt to summarize, then I go back to the original source for clarity. • We need to limit your sources to those that are relevant to your topic. Summarizing can help in the organization process. If i use ten sources in a research project, I probably taken a lot of notes and have gathered several quotations for the paper. Summaries can help to organize these notes by telling almost at a glance which idea comes from which source. i can also include in my summaries the two or three best quotations from each source. . Categorizing the sources is the most important part of your research .we have to Try to define the differences and see if they seem to fall into different categories: side A seems to believe X, while side B seems to believe Y. Or side A attempts to understand the problem from a feminist perspective, while side B is interested in rooting the problem in socio-economic terms, and side C is arguing that the problem doesn't even exist. Sources:
سمیه کاظمی
چهارشنبه 1 خردادماه سال 1387 ساعت 12:49 ب.ظ
First, one should read the references, critically. She tries to comprehend and find what the author wants to say. Then, researcher takes notes. She thinks about her searches and notes. Now, she thinks about her searches and notes. Now, she can find a main line for her paper writing. Researcher develops her own idea according to her researches and notes taken from those references. Although, she never allow sources overlap her paper by quotations. But, sources should help researcher to find a point of view about the topic. References support this point of view. For example, I used the Oxford Companion to English Literature to study the life and poems of the Lord Byron. This helps me to find the way that Lord Byron thinks and write. Then I used some essay and critical books which criticize his poems in an academic way, like Critical Overview on English Literature. In this stage of my research I want to gather all my notes and refine them.
According to my topic, I tried to collect some data from different references such as encyclopedias. I have used both well-known encyclopedias called Britannica and Americana. They were useful but they were not sufficient, because they both include some similarity, so I tried to assemble more information from different books such as THE NORTH ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATURE and also WORLD BOOK according to one of my professor’s recommendation. Although there was some information about my topic, this information was again just about biography. They were not including his poem’s interpretation or critics’ ideas about his works and his style for accomplish to my goal I had to search in internet. Modern technology has eased the search for sources. There was lots of information around my topic, but not about my specific topic. Some of this information gave me new idea, which impacted and made me to research more. But unfortunately, searching and wasting time to search and read them with no result about his style. Finding and collecting data was available but not enough, so I had to consult with a literature professor, because an expert person was needed to contribute. She gave me some information, but not yet sufficient, especially about his style I have not been able yet to find any data about his style. Another professor recommended some books and articles, but finding articles were available just in a few universities and big libraries. Going to such places needed to be members, so I had to pass some difficulties to go there. After passing these difficulties, I had to spend whole day to read because they did not let tale out the books and also I could copy just a few pages, so again no useful. I again consult with another professor in Tehran to ask more books and he has promised me to bring a book which might be useful to use.
In order to write my research paper I tried to find sources which can help me to develop my topic and to answer the topic question. The references I used to write my paper helped me in different ways. As an example in the book naturalism edited by John D. Jump which is a great book, the shaping factors are described, the theories are explained in different areas and the term is discussed in different genres of literature. This reference helped me to explain the factors which caused the emergence of naturalism; more over, it helped me to find the solution of the problem that how this term came to literature. The other reference was the book Literary Movements for Students. In this book I could find the representative authors of this literary school that used the naturalistic elements in their writing and the novels or short stories which were written based on this literary school. By this reference I could understand how these elements are shown and applied in a work of art. So I can give the examples in my paper and make it clear for the persons who read my research paper that how this literary school can be seen in a literary work. Besides, this book made it clear for me that how the characters are chosen in naturalistic novels. It goes without saying that these books are not enough for me to develop my topic. So I searched in the internet and I found some essays. These essays helped me in describing the emergence of literary movement in France and flourishing it in America; more over, I found some information about Zola, the one who brought this school in literature, and some about how this literary school came to America.
[ بدون نام ]
چهارشنبه 1 خردادماه سال 1387 ساعت 08:23 ب.ظ
When I read all of my source, I learn a lot of information my subject. For example, one of my sources was about laugh cures cancer. That was about a person that has cancer but he tries to watch funny movies then he cure. It was very fantastic to me and I understand laugh can cure cancer that is dangerous. Another source was about reduces weigh and I find that when we laugh, our calories are burns so we can lose our weight. so we can be slim when we laughing. Another source says about laugh reduces stress. It says that when you feel stressed, cortisol produced in your body. If levels of cortisol be a lot in your bodies, you are upset and it is not good for you. When you laugh, you can lowers the cortisol levels in your body. And laugh protecting your immune system from the negative effects of stress. When I read all of sources I understand laugh has a lot of advantage on the body and it is. Use full and it is not expensive- we don’t need to spend money for it. Another source says about how we can produce laugh in our life. It gives us some suggestion. For example, read the comic in the newspaper or rent a comedy one random weekday night. But in source of /www.com/heat/mind-and-body /, it says that laughter is the best medicine. I think it is correct that laugh has good effect on the body but when we say it is the best medicine, it means we don’t need to use tablet. But I think it is incorrect. It is good we use chemical drug and laugh with each other.
الهام مومنی
چهارشنبه 1 خردادماه سال 1387 ساعت 08:25 ب.ظ
When I read all of my source, I learn a lot of information my subject. For example, one of my sources was about laugh cures cancer. That was about a person that has cancer but he tries to watch funny movies then he cure. It was very fantastic to me and I understand laugh can cure cancer that is dangerous. Another source was about reduces weigh and I find that when we laugh, our calories are burns so we can lose our weight. so we can be slim when we laughing. Another source says about laugh reduces stress. It says that when you feel stressed, cortisol produced in your body. If levels of cortisol be a lot in your bodies, you are upset and it is not good for you. When you laugh, you can lowers the cortisol levels in your body. And laugh protecting your immune system from the negative effects of stress. When I read all of sources I understand laugh has a lot of advantage on the body and it is. Use full and it is not expensive- we don’t need to spend money for it. Another source says about how we can produce laugh in our life. It gives us some suggestion. For example, read the comic in the newspaper or rent a comedy one random weekday night. But in source of /www.com/heat/mind-and-body /, it says that laughter is the best medicine. I think it is correct that laugh has good effect on the body but when we say it is the best medicine, it means we don’t need to use tablet. But I think it is incorrect. It is good we use chemical drug and laugh with each other.
As you know the references that someone is working on for his or her research paper are important in various points of view. I myself tried to choose useful references that made me able to write an appropriate research paper. First,the references helped me to choose a proper topic for my research. In other words, at the beginning I tried to choose a topic that would not make trouble for finding relevant sources. So I selected the one for which there were lots of available references. Therefore,the sources were easily found and accessible and in order to find them I used different websites and university libraries. Moreover, the references helped me to restrict my research question and on the other hand, later they were helpful to me to expand each part of the relevant question in different ways. In addition, I jot down the necessary information that the sources concluded and wrote an outline in order to explain it later. It is worth knowing, the abstract which was mentioned above, was very useful for expanding the topic of my research.
The main references for me were books like the Norton anthology of English literature, literary schools The Route ledge history of literature in English by Ronald carter and john McRae and a glossary of literary terms in which I could find the main information about Romanticism there were many websites about my topic but as I mentioned some of them haven’t written by authorities while others had lots of authentic articles about romantic movement such as Britannia ,Encarta ,Wikipedia , Websites of Norton anthology of English literature and American literature, and ( http://www.historyguide.org )from all of them I accumulated my research study but in the field of science and philosophy( http://www. Jean-Jacques Rousseau .mht, http://www Modern science and Romantic discontent@Everything2_com.mht) subjects were so difficult to understand and paraphrase thus I tried to explain them briefly. While I was writing my research sometimes it was necessary for me to look for other references too for example I found the outline of characteristics of romanticism which provided for me general idea and helped me to lead my arguments stronger( http://www. PAL Early 19th C_ and Romanticism - A Brief Introduction.mht) As a result there is a strong relation between good research study and the references if the references have enough knowledge for writing research the outcome of research study would be complete investigation of our topics.
I think all researchers need valid and informative sources because without these good sources researchers can not have useful and valid information about their topic so sources are important factor in research process , if there are not valid sources it is possible we think that our ideas and knowledge are correct and valid while in reality our knowledge are not based on scientific discoveries and evidence so these sources guide us to do our research correct and scientific , on the other hand most of the time sources mention some information that we do not know about them at all and these information spread our vision and thinking about topic and also they give us new ideas related to our research .
[ بدون نام ]
چهارشنبه 8 خردادماه سال 1387 ساعت 11:23 ق.ظ
one of our primary tasks is to blend our source material into our writing with unity and coherence.first,the sources contributes to the unity of our paper if they are useful to the argument.that is,quotation paraphrase,and summary must explain and otherwise develop a topic sentense and our thesis.a collection of random quotations,even though we treat the same topic,is unacceptable.second,the source material contributes to coherence omly if you relate it directly to the matter at hand.an important reason for writing the research paper is to gather and present source material on a topic.so it only follows that we should display those soursec prominently in our writing,not hide them or fail to cite them. www.wikepedia.com www.wto.org www.encarta.com www.essay.com
reza khazaei
چهارشنبه 8 خردادماه سال 1387 ساعت 03:20 ب.ظ
one of our primary tasks is to blend our source material into our writing with unity and coherence.first,the sources contribute to the unity of our paper if they are useful to the argument.that is,qoutation,paraphrase and summary must explain and otherwise develop a topic sentense and our thesis.a collection of random qoutations,even though they treat the same topic,is unacceptable.second,the source materail contributes to coherence only if we relate it directly to the matter at hand.introductions,transitions,repetition of key words-these tie the paraphrase or the qoutation to our exposition.an important reason for writing the research paper is to gatherand presentsource material on a topic,so it only follows that we should display those sources prominently in our writing,not hide them or fail to cite them. www.wikepedia.com www.encarta.com www.essay.com www.wto.org
انیسه فیاضی
دوشنبه 20 خردادماه سال 1387 ساعت 06:13 ب.ظ
in order to doing a research first of all we need to choose a good and narrow downed topic , after it we should gather information to start to writing our research paper, for this purpose we need to have good and coherence sources. in my research which investigate the communication between teachers and student, the internet is more helpful than the other sources, i could find many good and up to date articles in different web sites, but the internet is not my only sourse for writing, two relevant books are also help me to find more things , the other sources which help me in this process is my mother who has 30 years experienc in the field of english teaching, she talk to me about the student behavior and the teacher treatments. moreover these sources my personal experiment help me to close these gathering information toghether. but i think in a normal way of research , some interviews and talk with the proffessional persons can be usefull too. in my research going to a school or asking from a childeren psychologist can appreciate too.
For doing a research paper we need to some information or knowledge in order to develop a meaningful answer to our general research question. Some of the sources that we use are books and articles & journals. Also it is very possible that we find materials on the internet and a source can be the person, organization, or commercial enterprise that makes certain information, or a particular text, available to the public. First I have much stress on starting of my research paper. My topic is “what is Affect of Motivation in Learning Second Language?” and I had some question about my topic and this questions were (What is motivation? what is affect of motivation in learning second language? who is good second language learners?). For reach to answer this question and in order to get such information, I doing a search in the internet search engine such as google and yahoo & AltaVista .Then I found some articles which are related to my topic in these sites. Now I read those data and gain some information and understand that why do people learn a second language? And also I understand definition of motivation and source of motivation & so on. In fact they were some positive guidelines for me. When I read this sources that I collect and also when I think about what the authors are saying , my research questions and very likely my working thesis had changed and with each shift in direction , new question , and possible even new areas of investigation , will open up. Also I ask of my around friend in university that what is their motivation in the learning second language? And certainly these questions and their answers of my friend could help to me in this topic. in this
Anthology of English literature. Dr. jalal sokhanv this one gave me extra and repeated knowledges of english literature The growth and nature of drama. R.f.clarck and this one gave me the history of drama. but no authentic reference found for persia unless my own innovation. The Imagery of Persian Poetry: dramatic tips on peotry of persia. www.wikipedia.com: biblograhphy of poets. www.rooznamak.com: eliminated my political cosideration in ontroduction. iranchambersociety: specific tips about peots in persia. Complete Poems and Major Prose: Milton. Edited by Merritt Y. Hughes. Prentice Hall. 1957: epic in english was appeared for me to contrast.). "Tarikh-e Zaban-e Farsi [History of the Persian Language]." Tehran, Iran: Simorgh Press.: the language of persia and linguistic view of introduction.
رویا مومن
سهشنبه 11 تیرماه سال 1387 ساعت 11:27 ب.ظ
Every one for doing good research should find scientific sources that are true. About my research, I found many sources from internet more than 20 sources about second language learning. We need to develop a topic and do research. The sources we use depend on what our assignment requires, what is available, and what sources we prefer to use. We can use key word for this purpose. A keyword is a word that is used as a starting point for finding information on a particular topic.we has 2 kinds of sources. Primary and Secondary. Both of them can be helpful. Children with Behaviors Challenges Booklist, Information Technology & Multimedia in English Language Teaching, Family Involvement is Important, Institute Content Language Development, Including English Language Learners,… are the names of some papers that seem related to my subject.
In research i think the most important part is refrence.Good refrence cause the paper have a good and valid sources.i have a lot of refrences but i choose some of them that more help to me. -BROWNELL;j1996 listening:attitudes.principles and skills -DANIELS,H1994 LITRATURE CIRCLES:VOICE AND CHOISE IN THE STUDENT-centered class room -devin,t.g.1982.listening skills schoolwide
Good and reliable reference make sure researcher that his or her research include true and trustful information. I try to find useful references to write my research. After choosing my research topic I search about it from internet but before this I went to library but unfortunately I cannot find any proper books.then I look for various websites.after finding enough references I read them to understand what texts and author say. Then I develop my idea and add my opinion to my research .during doing my work I become more interested about my search .
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At the start of the writing process, the writer needs to make sure that he/she understands what his/her teacher’s expectations are for this particular assignment. Then we need to develop a topic and do research. Even after we have decided on our initial topic, it is important to continue a routine of reading new journals and technical reports and attending seminars. All of these sources can contribute to the development of our idea. At this stage we can add one question: How can these ideas help me solve my research problem? We should remember that often the initial idea is quite far from the final topic. If we remain active in reading and listening, it will be much easier to generate alternative topics if the time comes. We may need to modify our topic during the research process. We can never be sure what we will find. The sources we use depend on what our assignment requires, what is available, and what sources we prefer to use. We can use key word for this purpose. A keyword is a word that is used as a starting point for finding information on a particular topic. When you are searching a database, you choose keywords to find information related to your topic, so you should choose words that represent important ideas related to the subject. If you use broad terms you will get a lot of results; if use narrow terms, you will get fewer results. You can use one word (novels) or a phrase (Gothic novels) or a combination (Gothic novels AND English literature.) and the result that we find will certainly affect our topic sentence by making it more specific. Secondary source is helpful too. Secondary source is searching requires us to be organized. We should ideally go to the library or a database such as the Literary Reference Center with a list of some titles from our preliminary searches. Database searching will yield far more information than we will likely need, so it is important to be focused. At the same time, expect that as we locate information, we will want to revise the elements of our paper’s content depending on what we find and what interests us. We can begin by searching for titles or authors. Then, browse plot summaries and reviews. After this, focus on criticism, interviews, and essays that will provide support for our paper. When using a database like the Literary Reference Center, skim each source directly via the full text link before you can print it out. As we begin to print out exceptional sources, we can start processing our “Working Bibliography” which is a list of information on each source we are evaluating.
The most important step in a research is to find good resources and to study recently published related works. The organization of what is summarized from these resources reflects the points studied. It is also important how to collect related materials from those different sources. First you should organize all of the articles by year of publication. This allows you to see if there has been any shift in widely accepted assumptions about a particular topic. You might also organize the studies by whether or not they are related to our study. Although part of the purpose of a research is to demonstrate, it should not be a recounting of everything you read. Remember the purpose of a good research is to demonstrate how your study relates to previous studies. Generally our resources give us perception, information and help us know more about the topic. So it is essential to categorize the information we receive, study it in detail, analyze and summarize it carefully and organize it in our research.
How do your references help you write about your topic? (Helping you with kinds/ solution/ negative or positive points/ impact/ description/ etc) of your topic
References are our sources that are include information, ideas, quotations , books essays or even other researches and we can use in our research study. When I was searching sources for my topic I found that source gathering is a process and should do it carefully. Sometimes the information or ides were too long to write in my text thus take time to read whole of items and selecting those which are suitable for my study then I should abridge ideas or quotations as short as possible since long quotations interrupted my text , there was also a lot of information in websites while the name of the authors didn’t mention although they were useful I couldn’t use them, on the other hand some ideas were share between them I didn’t know who for the first time described that idea and which one should I choose as my reference, the next problem was the variety of the points of view about my topic on websites since I hadn’t enough time to study all of them I couldn’t use them in my research there were also other problems that I faced when I tried to accumulate my resources It was impossible to find everything which I needed in one trip to the library or one hour searching on the internet. Because each source could provide only a few information for me some times just two or three line of them were useful for my topic, there were some sources that introduced other references for my topic in which I could find lots of reference books and websites those books were not available for me but among websites I could gather more information which were useful for me , I should divided them to two group : primary sources like charts graphs statistics and other original documents and secondary sources which were about primary sources or about information extracted from them they were in the form of opinion , lectures and essays. I tried to use both of them since my topic was history and I wanted my research paper be complete investigation of my topic. Of course I tried to evaluate the accuracy of the sources on the websites too. While I was conducting my research I learned more about my topic and discover even more resources that I could use for another research in this field.
after using my resourses i understood how usefull they were.the most important aspect was narrowing my topic.
it help me not to diverg in many directons and get to the main point.it helps me to follow one path and technicly
carry on my way to preaper the research which i want to get.
it gives me lots of information about the core of my study and i understood where i should go and where i should not.
it also has an exact point of view about some aspect of my study which help me to come to some points which is vitally helpfull for me
but i could not find these without the help of them and they were really scientific.
but some problems which i encounter were the diffrences of our culture and others this gap and their system of their study were two factors which
made me nervous about the result.
but my up to date resources was another helpfull ang good aspect of these resourses becuase they were done recently and my work was easier.
if even one native person worked befor it was really helpfull for me.becuase most of my resourses were books and weblogs they were more trustworthy
and more documented.the famouse people had their idea on them.
the very helpfull and usefull character of any research is that it gives you lots of information and by having this informaton you now what to do
and you can stick to your topic and can have good knowelege of your research paper.
by having many refrences you will understand which one is better for your research.
but it can make your job more difficult becuase you should be really carefull about what you are writing.
by having one good resource you can find more and more related topics.other problem is that for me i find it abit irritating if i want my last
result a bit diffrent with my resourses.my big problem was finding books in my country.and when i found they were really expensive
Firstly, I select my basic topic by searching in the table of contents of my books and searching in the internet. I try to find a subject which really I like. After selecting it, I decide to narrow down my subject. I start to read different articles I found on the internet in order to have general idea about the subject.
Then, I choose my thesis statement. Fore example: some of articles (Comb, 2007; Michael Toney, 1999; Dr. Kizlik, 2008) defines the lesson plan and shows the importance of having it, its negative and positive points, and advise it for all novice and experienced teachers. Other articles such as: Manal El-Tigi, 1999; Comb, 2007; and Dr. Kitzinger, 1999 suggested the stages and the process of planning according to rules. Dr. Kizlik, fore example, in his article explains the six common mistakes the teachers' makes in planning the lesson plan and provides solutions in order to avoid mistakes. Michael Toney (1991) lists six reasons to prepare a lesson plan and describe key components that each lesson plan should have.
The most important part of researches are sources.so, every one for doing good research should find scientific sources that are true. I found some sources that teach me some point about my subject for my research. For example I found in a news in BBC that learning second language boosts grey matter of brain that in early ages it's increasing is more than other ages. In other news in BBC I read that with increasing age rate of hearing decrease so children in early ages can hear better so, they learn better and speak fluent. In abstract of one research by Dominican College of San Raphael shows that there isn’t any relationship between age and learning (or little relationship) based on learner scores that were same in the whole. In one essay by Schleppegrell, Mary, he says that use materials that provide an interesting and comprehensible message, delay speaking practice and emphasize the development of listening comprehension so; it shows less learning rather than earlier learner. And by other sources I learned some other points
We need many information for our research. We must collected these information from books, journal, articles, historical records, statistic information, online sources of internet,… About my research, I found many sources from internet more than 23 sources about alphabet teaching. I read all of them carefully and then get main point of them. I searched a lot for finding good methods for teaching. In this site (www.alphabet_soup.net vinnie, Vicky) I found more than 10 good methods for teaching alphabet to pre_school child. These methods are very interesting, when I read them ,I thought that it was excellent if our teachers used this methods in kindergarten or primary school. According to another site (www.welltrainedmind.com Jessie wise 2007) I understood that for better solution ,we must talked more with our child, talk and talk based on these conversation the child’s mind ability grew and he/she could learn better. I understood why some children were late talkers and very slow learn to read, its because of negative function of their parents. In other part researcher said that ‘ try to learn your children use pencil at early age and teach them the correct way to hold the pencil. In site (www.eduqna.com) I get familiar with different devices like flash cards, posters, index card, movies, ABC song,… these tools have positive influence on children learning. In (www.letterland.com) researcher suggested that taught sounds of the letters before learnt them the letter of their names. He said that it’s easy and effective way of teaching. In site (www.pbs.org Victoria R.fu)I understood that learning environment is one of the important thing about teaching or what should children learn? I used some books for my research one of them is ‘science of main trends in the language’ by Roman Jakobson. There are many research on learning and teaching language on it. I have two magazine about children ,name of one of them is ‘the early years’. I surveyed every thing about child from baby to teenager. An other magazine is ‘scientific American reports’ this is nice magazine about development of child’s learning.
Before we can decide on a focus, we need to explore our topic, to become informed about the topic, to build on our knowledge and experience. we'll be locating books, articles, videos, internet and other resources about our topic and reading to learn. we're looking for an issue, an aspect, a perspective on which to focus our research paper.
This is the first step in which we'll probably be checking books out of the library. Encyclopedias won't be much help here. we're looking for treatments of our topic which are either more comprehensive or more specific than an encyclopedic treatment.
As we read, start taking notes of what we're learning about our topic—concepts, issues, problems, areas where experts agree or disagree. Keep track of the bibliographic references for the information we're using, and write down a note or two of what's contained in the book, article, Website, etc. There's nothing more frustrating than knowing we read something earlier about a particular point and not being able to locate it again when we decide it's something we need.
While we're learning about our topic, intentionally look for possible focuses in the material. we could spend enormous amounts of time reading, especially about an interesting topic, without being any closer to a focus unless we purposefully keep that goal in our mind while we read.
Try our choices of focus on for "size" as we did our topic. Which ones fit the assignment, the size, scope and type of the paper? Think about which of our possible focuses has the best chance for making a successful paper. If we find several themes within our topic which each are too small to support the entire paper, can they be combined to form a focus.
My topic is about a novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne, its name is “the scarlet letter”.
1) www.bartleby.com this site helped me to know some symbols in this novel that are very important and meaningful but I didn’t catch them.
2) www.web.csustan.edu/English/reuben/pal/chap3/hawthorne.htm an essay by Paul P.Reuben, it helps me to know more about Hawthorne’s historical background, and things that have had influences on him: his puritan family background and puritan beliefs that effected on his works. For example beliefs in existence of the devil and determinism.
3) www.web.csustan.edu/English/reuben/pal/chap3/hawthorne.htm an essay by David Noceti, “The custom House” in the novel refers author’s idea about romance and also search the dark past of his puritan family.
4) www.Sparknotes.com in this site I found: The name “Pearl” evokes a biblical allegorical device—the “pearl of great price” that is salvation.
5) www.megaessay.com Intuition is one of techniques of Romanticism. In The Scarlet Letter Pearl has made an A out of eelgrass. Hester wonders why she has made it and asks if she knows what her A means. Pearl replies, it is for the same reason the minister keeps his hand over his heart.
6) www.123helpme.com nature is one of key factors in romantic works (when Nature acts as a mirror for human emotions). In this novel the whole prison is covered in dark shrubbery except for the one rosebush that represents Hester.
7) www.Hawthorneinsalem it suggest other symbols and some characteristics of major characters.
8) Literary schools by Dr.Haghighi this book help me to know more about romanticism.
For doing my research project actually I need to have research for facts, evidences & somehow specific definitions. First I made the research question for my project (what is the best age for learning second language?)This is a particular question I am asking about my subject. Those data which I gathered for doing my projects are actually secondary materials. In a secondary study we rely on the observation, facts, result & opinions that other gathered & developed on the topic today in order to access to such information is the internet search engine. I used a number of such services available – google & yahoo. I found some articles which are related to my topic. When I read those data I gain a kind of dilemma about my hypothesis. As I read further & further I found some answer to my research question. among my data I found some definition about brain & different parts of it which are related to this area of researching .In fact they were some positive guidelines for me .therefore I found that it is necessary for doing my research project to study of some linguistic definition . So I asked from my linguistic professor about the books which can help me & he introduce me some books about those criteria (e.g.) (George Yule’s the study of language & second language acquisition by Rod Ellis. one of those I rely on is the real experiences which I see every day & those experiences which I myself experience them. As I gathered on internet gave me guidelines. Consequently I prefer in my research project first I define different area of mind & then survey the different ideas based on those definition & characteristic of brains & finally to make a conclusion & finding the answer of my question.
we need to explore our topic, to become informed about the topic, to build on our knowledge and experience. we'll be locating books, articles, videos, internet and other resources about our topic and reading to learn.we are looking for an issue, an aspect, a perspective on which to focus our research paper. books out of the library. Encyclopedias won't be much help here. we're looking for treatments of your topic which are either more comprehensive or more specific than an encyclopedic treatment, with various authors' summaries, analyses and opinions. But, until we've chosen a focus, we are not really on a mission of gathering information. If we gather information on the topic as a whole, we'll waste a lot of time doing it and have way too much to sort through when we are ready to write ourr paper. Resist the temptation to "gather" until you've chosen a focus.
First of all its helps me to get more information about the subject , second its inform me that which kind of language I should choose for writing , third one its helps me to know the other person who research about this subject before , fourth one its knowing me new sources , article and book about this subject , fifth its helps me to know how put my information together in an ordered way , sixth its woke up some of my negative and positive idea that I had about that subject and I was careless toward them ,and at the end its helps me to show me how I could collect the information ,how organize them ,and how a research inform to the other people .
1. pinker,steven.1994. Language learn ability and language development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University press.
2. O'grady, William. 2005. How children learn language? University of Hawaii, Cambridge university press.
3. bloom, paul. 2002. How children learn the meaning of words. Cambridge, MA: MIT press.
4. saffran, jenny, 2001. Infants may offer clues to language development .University of Wisconsin-Madison.
5. Berwick, Robert. 1985. The acquisition of syntactic knowledge. Cambridge. MA: MIT press.
6. BBC (2007) - "language & literacy" march 03, 2002.online.<http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies/grownups/childre_learn/language/language & literacy> [2007,may 8]
7. CDI (1998) - "language development chart" - jun 05, 2005. online.<http:// www. CDI. Com / child development institute / children / development / chart> [2006, may 12]
8. parenting (1984)- "how babies learn to talk" – February 02,2007. online. <http:// www. Parenting. com / parenting / article / 0.19840 . 648474. html > [2007, march 20]
4.During searching and gathering data for my research paper I find many important information about my topic "the effect of crying on the body".For example in one of refrences "About crying" by psychologist Barbara Walsh she states that"crying is not a sign of weakness but rather a feature of the human adaptive process."and "we all know that we feel better after having a good cry and now science can explain why this is so."she says that the
" and "we all know that we feel better after having a good cry and now science can explain why this is so."she says that "the act of crying allwes the bodys chmistry todo some rebalancing."
Randolph Cornelius(1986) in"Is crying good for you"he confirms that "It is wide spread belief in the western world that crying is therapeutic and also the converse, that failure to cry is a danger to our health."often patiens who cry during sessions whilst talking about subjects of crucial emotional importance to them,spontaneously say how much better they feel or may report in the next session how they were upset at the time but felt much better after wards."
In nother refrence Frey et al proposed that tears prformed a sort of physical catharsis, expelling toxins from the body."
another refrence that give me important informathion is"why crying is coping and why you should cry if you can?"by Nomi kaim Iin which he declares that"crying plays an essential role in our biology as well as our social and cultural experiences."Acording to him i find that the main part of a tear contains ,water,salt like sodiume chloride and potassium chloride,antibodies and enzymes that target micro-organism.morever i found that protein is the most important ingredient of the tear,andwhat do protein do?Also Nomi Kaim confirms that"one major stress hormone released from the body via tears, prolactin, is found in much higher concentration in womans bodies than mens."and "It seems humans are the only ones to cry"
When I find source material relevant to my subject, I make a decision about my initial response. I can write to note cards to record key ideas and write notation about photocopied ideas. After reading material, I can choose key ideas of the source by reducing it to an outline and I can write a précis to summarize the whole. I can choose my own outline to capture an author’s primary themes that is list the main ideas and subtopics to show my issues and identify parallel parts and supporting ideas. I can find primary sources and secondary sources that help me to writing research paper. Each of them helps me to write about author, character, theme, existentialism, symbolism, and etc.
http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/godot/
http://www.gradesaver.com/classicnotes/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot
http://www.theatrehistory.com/french/beckett002.htmltitles/WaitingForGodot/
http://www.hewett.norfolk.sch.uk/curric/english/Godot.htm
http://www.samuel-beckett.net/L2BeckEssay.html
http://www.123helpme.com/search.asp?text=godot
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/existentialism
It is important to provide complete information about our primary source whether found in a printed source or online. The basic elements to include in a citation for a published print source are: author of the document, title of the document, title of the book if different from the document, name of editor or author of the book, place of publication, publisher, year, and page numbers. The basic elements to include in a citation for an online source are: author of the document, title of the document, title of the web site, author or producer of the web site, url, date (if given) and date accessed. There’s a lot of information out there, not all of which is trustworthy. The quantity of information available is so staggering that we cannot know everything about a subject. And there’s the problem of trying to decide which studies have produced reliable results. Similarly, for information on other topics, there’s not only a huge quantity out there but a very uneven level of quality. In short, we have to sift and make decisions all the time and we want to make responsible choices that we won’t regret. Evaluating sources is an important skill we need all the time. We have to decide where to look, what clues to search for, and what to accept. We may be overwhelmed with too much information or too little. Learning how to evaluate effectively is a skill we need for our course papers. When writing research papers, we will also be evaluating sources as we search for information. We will need to make decisions about what to search for, where to look, and once you’ve found material on our topic, whether to use it in your paper. While I was looking for sources about my topic I found that it is a very difficult and complicated work because there are so many papers and articles in internet that are related to my topic and because I wanted to find information about reading comprehension I had to narrow my topic down but I didn’t know how to do that. So I started to read some essays about my topic like
http://www.aft.org/pubs-reports/american_educator/spring2003/AE_SPRNG.pdf
http://www.aft.org/pubs-reports/american_educator/issues/winter06-07/CogSci.pdf
http://www.formatex.org/micte2005/12.pdf
And it was very helpful because it helped me to find my direction. It made me think of comparing reading comprehension with something else that could be listening, writing, vocabulary or speaking. Then I started to read other articles and essays like http://exchanges.state.gov/forum/vols/vol44/no4/p28.htm
http://kolea.kcc.hawaii.edu/tcc/tcc_conf96/farrand.html
http://www.hull.ac.uk/languages/postgraduate/MA_Translation/module_catalogue.doc
These information about the relationship between reading comprehension and translation and reading essays like
http://www.mt-archive.info/MTS-1999-Fuji.pdf
http://www.mt-archive.info/MT-1965-Pfafflin.pdf
I decided to choose my topic that was about the relationship between reading comprehension and translation quality.
a good refrence first of all shows the way and indirectly tells how to go forward.it is like a candel in the darkness but remember that only standard refrences can do that function.a good refrence also reminds us that any topic is restricted to a special local.for example my research is about developing literacy in second language learners and on that refrence i noticed that some styles of teaching is only specified for some student.for example reading comprehension for spanish native speaker is much easier way to teach english than other styles,so in America those teachers focuse on reading comprehension and they make their students to expand their vocabularies field.
another thing that we face in standard refrences is that you can find more good refrence on each refrence,they address each other.good refrences also leran us how to categorize our information and how to make the body of the essay.before i read a good refrence most of the time i switched to to another field that is not related to topic.even we get familiar with some critics ideas about the topic that is very essential for a researcher.researcher wants to predict readers action ,so now he can guesses what will be the reaction of the reader.
When a researcher starts writing paper, he needs a lot of sources to help him for developing papers. In this way we need references which they are our sources. After choosing topic and collecting references, now we should check them for the recently published. In my research, references give me a lot of information about my topic and about the result of other researches. When I use them, my concentration is on my topic and I can easily analyze my finding and summarize them for writing paper.
References give me positive and negative points about my topic, also about the questions which may come to readers mind, it help me to find solution for giving answer to them. My references contain books, internet library, other researches, personal experience, and the experiment which I am doing.
First of all,i need to be sure that i understand all of my sources. The best way to make sure that i understand a source is to summarize it. In summarizing.
1- in summarizing a source I need to put this argument in my own language. (in a simple and easy to understand language)Some of the sources might use language that confusing. When I try to summarizei have to be in a sense translating an argument into language that I can understand and can work with.
• One of the benefits of Summarizing is that it enables us to see if there is any aspect of the argument that i don'tunderstand. If i find myself confused, as I attempt to summarize, then I go back to the original source for clarity.
• We need to limit your sources to those that are relevant to your topic.
Summarizing can help in the organization process. If i use ten sources in a research project, I probably taken a lot of notes and have gathered several quotations for the paper. Summaries can help to organize these notes by telling almost at a glance which idea comes from which source. i can also include in my summaries the two or three best quotations from each source.
. Categorizing the sources is the most important part of your research .we have to Try to define the differences and see if they seem to fall into different categories: side A seems to believe X, while side B seems to believe Y. Or side A attempts to understand the problem from a feminist perspective, while side B is interested in rooting the problem in socio-economic terms, and side C is arguing that the problem doesn't even exist.
Sources:
1-http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-9220/mild.htm
2-http://jshd.asha.org/cgi/content/abstract/49/4/389
3-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_language_acquisition
4-http://www.ericdigests.org/2004-4/parents.htm
5-http://www.ed.gov/pubs/FamInvolve/local3.html
6-http://mamaroobabysling.com/newsite/BilingualBabies.htm
7-http://adoption.about.com/od/parenting/a/drawbackstolang.htm
8-http://www.foreignlanguageblog.com/?cat=13
First, one should read the references, critically. She tries to comprehend and find what the author wants to say. Then, researcher takes notes. She thinks about her searches and notes. Now, she thinks about her searches and notes. Now, she can find a main line for her paper writing. Researcher develops her own idea according to her researches and notes taken from those references. Although, she never allow sources overlap her paper by quotations. But, sources should help researcher to find a point of view about the topic. References support this point of view.
For example, I used the Oxford Companion to English Literature to study the life and poems of the Lord Byron. This helps me to find the way that Lord Byron thinks and write. Then I used some essay and critical books which criticize his poems in an academic way, like Critical Overview on English Literature. In this stage of my research I want to gather all my notes and refine them.
According to my topic, I tried to collect some data from different references such as encyclopedias.
I have used both well-known encyclopedias called Britannica and Americana.
They were useful but they were not sufficient, because they both include some similarity, so I tried to assemble more information from different books such as THE NORTH ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATURE and also WORLD BOOK according to one of my professor’s recommendation.
Although there was some information about my topic, this information was again just about biography. They were not including his poem’s interpretation or critics’ ideas about his works and his style for accomplish to my goal I had to search in internet.
Modern technology has eased the search for sources. There was lots of information around my topic, but not about my specific topic. Some of this information gave me new idea, which impacted and made me to research more. But unfortunately, searching and wasting time to search and read them with no result about his style.
Finding and collecting data was available but not enough, so I had to consult with a literature professor, because an expert person was needed to contribute. She gave me some information, but not yet sufficient, especially about his style I have not been able yet to find any data about his style.
Another professor recommended some books and articles, but finding articles were available just in a few universities and big libraries. Going to such places needed to be members, so I had to pass some difficulties to go there. After passing these difficulties, I had to spend whole day to read because they did not let tale out the books and also I could copy just a few pages, so again no useful.
I again consult with another professor in Tehran to ask more books and he has promised me to bring a book which might be useful to use.
In order to write my research paper I tried to find sources which can help me to develop my topic and to answer the topic question. The references I used to write my paper helped me in different ways. As an example in the book naturalism edited by John D. Jump which is a great book, the shaping factors are described, the theories are explained in different areas and the term is discussed in different genres of literature. This reference helped me to explain the factors which caused the emergence of naturalism; more over, it helped me to find the solution of the problem that how this term came to literature. The other reference was the book Literary Movements for Students. In this book I could find the representative authors of this literary school that used the naturalistic elements in their writing and the novels or short stories which were written based on this literary school. By this reference I could understand how these elements are shown and applied in a work of art. So I can give the examples in my paper and make it clear for the persons who read my research paper that how this literary school can be seen in a literary work. Besides, this book made it clear for me that how the characters are chosen in naturalistic novels.
It goes without saying that these books are not enough for me to develop my topic. So I searched in the internet and I found some essays. These essays helped me in describing the emergence of literary movement in France and flourishing it in America; more over, I found some information about Zola, the one who brought this school in literature, and some about how this literary school came to America.
When I read all of my source, I learn a lot of information my subject. For example, one of my sources was about laugh cures cancer. That was about a person that has cancer but he tries to watch funny movies then he cure. It was very fantastic to me and I understand laugh can cure cancer that is dangerous. Another source was about reduces weigh and I find that when we laugh, our calories are burns so we can lose our weight. so we can be slim when we laughing. Another source says about laugh reduces stress.
It says that when you feel stressed, cortisol produced in your body.
If levels of cortisol be a lot in your bodies, you are upset and it is not good for you. When you laugh, you can lowers the cortisol levels in your body. And laugh protecting your immune system from the negative effects of stress. When I read all of sources I understand laugh has a lot of advantage on the body and it is. Use full and it is not expensive- we don’t need to spend money for it. Another source says about how we can produce laugh in our life. It gives us some suggestion. For example, read the comic in the newspaper or rent a comedy one random weekday night. But in source of /www.com/heat/mind-and-body /, it says that laughter is the best medicine. I think it is correct that laugh has good effect on the body but when we say it is the best medicine, it means we don’t need to use tablet. But I think it is incorrect. It is good we use chemical drug and laugh with each other.
When I read all of my source, I learn a lot of information my subject. For example, one of my sources was about laugh cures cancer. That was about a person that has cancer but he tries to watch funny movies then he cure. It was very fantastic to me and I understand laugh can cure cancer that is dangerous. Another source was about reduces weigh and I find that when we laugh, our calories are burns so we can lose our weight. so we can be slim when we laughing. Another source says about laugh reduces stress.
It says that when you feel stressed, cortisol produced in your body.
If levels of cortisol be a lot in your bodies, you are upset and it is not good for you. When you laugh, you can lowers the cortisol levels in your body. And laugh protecting your immune system from the negative effects of stress. When I read all of sources I understand laugh has a lot of advantage on the body and it is. Use full and it is not expensive- we don’t need to spend money for it. Another source says about how we can produce laugh in our life. It gives us some suggestion. For example, read the comic in the newspaper or rent a comedy one random weekday night. But in source of /www.com/heat/mind-and-body /, it says that laughter is the best medicine. I think it is correct that laugh has good effect on the body but when we say it is the best medicine, it means we don’t need to use tablet. But I think it is incorrect. It is good we use chemical drug and laugh with each other.
As you know the references that someone is working on for his or her research paper are important in various points of view. I myself tried to choose useful references that made me able to write an appropriate research paper.
First,the references helped me to choose a proper topic for my research. In other words, at the beginning I tried to choose a topic that would not make trouble for finding relevant sources. So I selected the one for which there were lots of available references. Therefore,the sources were easily found and accessible and in order to find them I used different websites and university libraries.
Moreover, the references helped me to restrict my research question and on the other hand, later they were helpful to me to expand each part of the relevant question in different ways.
In addition, I jot down the necessary information that the sources concluded and wrote an outline in order to explain it later. It is worth knowing, the abstract which was mentioned above, was very useful for expanding the topic of my research.
The main references for me were books like the Norton anthology of English literature, literary schools The Route ledge history of literature in English by Ronald carter and john McRae and a glossary of literary terms in which I could find the main information about Romanticism there were many websites about my topic but as I mentioned some of them haven’t written by authorities while others had lots of authentic articles about romantic movement such as Britannia ,Encarta ,Wikipedia , Websites of Norton anthology of English literature and American literature, and ( http://www.historyguide.org )from all of them I accumulated my research study but in the field of science and philosophy( http://www. Jean-Jacques Rousseau .mht, http://www Modern science and Romantic discontent@Everything2_com.mht) subjects were so difficult to understand and paraphrase thus I tried to explain them briefly.
While I was writing my research sometimes it was necessary for me to look for other references too for example I found the outline of characteristics of romanticism which provided for me general idea and helped me to lead my arguments stronger( http://www. PAL Early 19th C_ and Romanticism - A Brief Introduction.mht)
As a result there is a strong relation between good research study and the references if the references have enough knowledge for writing research the outcome of research study would be complete investigation of our topics.
I think all researchers need valid and informative sources because without these good sources researchers can not have useful and valid information about their topic so sources are important factor in research process , if there are not valid sources it is possible we think that our ideas and knowledge are correct and valid while in reality our knowledge are not based on scientific discoveries and evidence so these sources guide us to do our research correct and scientific , on the other hand most of the time sources mention some information that we do not know about them at all and these information spread our vision and thinking about topic and also they give us new ideas related to our research .
one of our primary tasks is to blend our source material into our writing with unity and coherence.first,the sources contributes to the unity of our paper if they are useful to the argument.that is,quotation paraphrase,and summary must explain and otherwise develop a topic sentense and our thesis.a collection of random quotations,even though we treat the same topic,is unacceptable.second,the source material contributes to coherence omly if you relate it directly to the matter at hand.an important reason for writing the research paper is to gather and present source material on a topic.so it only follows that we should display those soursec prominently in our writing,not hide them or fail to cite them.
www.wikepedia.com
www.wto.org
www.encarta.com
www.essay.com
one of our primary tasks is to blend our source material into our writing with unity and coherence.first,the sources contribute to the unity of our paper if they are useful to the argument.that is,qoutation,paraphrase and summary must explain and otherwise develop a topic sentense and our thesis.a collection of random qoutations,even though they treat the same topic,is unacceptable.second,the source materail contributes to coherence only if we relate it directly to the matter at hand.introductions,transitions,repetition of key words-these tie the paraphrase or the qoutation to our exposition.an important reason for writing the research paper is to gatherand presentsource material on a topic,so it only follows that we should display those sources prominently in our writing,not hide them or fail to cite them.
www.wikepedia.com
www.encarta.com
www.essay.com
www.wto.org
in order to doing a research first of all we need to choose a good and narrow downed topic , after it we should gather information to start to writing our research paper, for this purpose we need to have good and coherence sources. in my research which investigate the communication between teachers and student, the internet is more helpful than the other sources, i could find many good and up to date articles in different web sites, but the internet is not my only sourse for writing, two relevant books are also help me to find more things , the other sources which help me in this process is my mother who has 30 years experienc in the field of english teaching, she talk to me about the student behavior and the teacher treatments.
moreover these sources my personal experiment help me to close these gathering information toghether.
but i think in a normal way of research , some interviews and talk with the proffessional persons can be usefull too. in my research going to a school or asking from a childeren psychologist can appreciate too.
For doing a research paper we need to some
information or knowledge in order to develop a meaningful answer to our general research question. Some of the sources that we use are books and articles & journals. Also it is very possible that we find materials on the internet and a source can be the person, organization, or commercial enterprise that makes certain information, or a particular text, available to the public. First I have much stress on starting of my research paper. My topic is “what is Affect of Motivation in Learning Second Language?” and I had some question about my topic and this questions were (What is motivation? what is affect of motivation in learning second language? who is good second language learners?). For reach to answer this question and in order to get such information, I doing a search in the internet search engine such as google and yahoo & AltaVista .Then I found some articles which are related to my topic in these sites. Now I read those data and gain some information and understand that why do people learn a second language? And also I understand definition of motivation and source of motivation & so on. In fact they were some positive guidelines for me. When I read this sources that I collect and also when I think about what the authors are saying , my research questions and very likely my working thesis had changed and with each shift in direction , new question , and possible even new areas of investigation , will open up. Also I ask of my around friend in university that what is their motivation in the learning second language? And certainly these questions and their answers of my friend could help to me in this topic. in this
Anthology of English literature. Dr. jalal sokhanv
this one gave me extra and repeated knowledges of english literature
The growth and nature of drama. R.f.clarck
and this one gave me the history of drama.
but no authentic reference found for persia unless my own innovation. The Imagery of Persian Poetry: dramatic tips on peotry of persia. www.wikipedia.com: biblograhphy of poets. www.rooznamak.com: eliminated my political cosideration in ontroduction. iranchambersociety: specific tips about peots in persia. Complete Poems and Major Prose: Milton. Edited by Merritt Y. Hughes. Prentice Hall. 1957: epic in english was appeared for me to contrast.). "Tarikh-e Zaban-e Farsi [History of the Persian Language]." Tehran, Iran: Simorgh Press.: the language of persia and linguistic view of introduction.
Every one for doing good research should find scientific sources that are true. About my research, I found many sources from internet more than 20 sources about second language learning. We need to develop a topic and do research. The sources we use depend on what our assignment requires, what is available, and what sources we prefer to use. We can use key word for this purpose. A keyword is a word that is used as a starting point for finding information on a particular topic.we has 2 kinds of sources. Primary and Secondary. Both of them can be helpful. Children with Behaviors Challenges Booklist, Information Technology & Multimedia in English Language Teaching, Family Involvement is Important, Institute Content Language Development, Including English Language Learners,… are the names of some papers that seem related to my subject.
In research i think the most important part is refrence.Good refrence cause the paper have a good and valid sources.i have a lot of refrences but i choose some of them that more help to me.
-BROWNELL;j1996 listening:attitudes.principles and skills
-DANIELS,H1994 LITRATURE CIRCLES:VOICE AND CHOISE IN THE STUDENT-centered class room
-devin,t.g.1982.listening skills schoolwide
Good and reliable reference make sure researcher that his or her
research include true and trustful information. I try to find useful
references to write my research. After choosing my research topic
I search about it from internet but before this I went to library but
unfortunately I cannot find any proper books.then I look for various
websites.after finding enough references I read them to understand
what texts and author say. Then I develop my idea and add my opinion
to my research .during doing my work I become more interested about
my search .