The secret of an effective research paper is the research process. The successful research project begins in the mind of the researcher.our critical thinking is important in any research project ,this thinking critical are include observing , questioning ,investigating , analyzing. In the beginning a process of research we can asking questions and gathering information that find answers to those questions.so we need to Notebook for that project .notebook is a centeral place to keep an ongoing record of the various activities in which we will be engaged that our notebook have four major divisions. 1.source section: a place to keep a list of books,articles about our subject. 2.research strategy section: contains lists of things to do, for examole writing the research questions by our working hypothesis. 3.reading section of notebook :reading critically and taking notes. 4.working hypothesis section of our nootbook .we have a working hypothesis that we should return to this part of our notebook every few days.
After notebook we must desiding on the research question that can be include: What do I want to know more about?what have I enjoyed learning about? Have I heard anything about the subject on the ardio or TV? We must choose something that need to understand better. Now we need formulating our working hypothesis that have 2 strategys: 1.discovering our assumptions about your area of investigation. we ourself must be aware of the thoughts and feeling we have about our subject. We must go back to our original reasons for selecting our assumption.why we choose this assumption? 2.defining our terms is a way to clarify our idea.the words on the page must reflect what we have in our head. These two strategies are designed to help we come up with a statement that is precise , that says directly what we want it to say.
fahimeh
پنجشنبه 29 فروردینماه سال 1387 ساعت 07:59 ب.ظ
The secret of an effective research paper is the research process. The successful research project begins in the mind of the researcher.our critical thinking is important in any research project ,this thinking critical are include observing , questioning ,investigating , analyzing. In the beginning a process of research we can asking questions and gathering information that find answers to those questions.so we need to Notebook for that project .notebook is a centeral place to keep an ongoing record of the various activities in which we will be engaged that our notebook have four major divisions. 1.source section: a place to keep a list of books,articles about our subject. 2.research strategy section: contains lists of things to do, for examole writing the research questions by our working hypothesis. 3.reading section of notebook :reading critically and taking notes. 4.working hypothesis section of our nootbook .we have a working hypothesis that we should return to this part of our notebook every few days.
After notebook we must desiding on the research question that can be include: What do I want to know more about?what have I enjoyed learning about? Have I heard anything about the subject on the ardio or TV? We must choose something that need to understand better. Now we need formulating our working hypothesis that have 2 strategys: 1.discovering our assumptions about your area of investigation. we ourself must be aware of the thoughts and feeling we have about our subject. We must go back to our original reasons for selecting our assumption.why we choose this assumption? 2.defining our terms is a way to clarify our idea.the words on the page must reflect what we have in our head. These two strategies are designed to help we come up with a statement that is precise , that says directly what we want it to say.
غزال حسن بیک
شنبه 31 فروردینماه سال 1387 ساعت 10:43 ب.ظ
go to library to research a specific subject data based information, compact disks within computer ,journals , articles , using a computer search , seraching printed indexes,essays that writting on books , card catalogs on computers , biographical indexes for authors and personalities, searching the newspaper,using the government document,interweing knowledgeble people,examining audiovisual materials , watching tv and listening to radio programs ,attending lectures and public addressess, reading personal paper, conducting a survey with a questionnaire
go to library , computers, data based information , card catalogs,computers disk on computers , journals , articles , computer search ,search printed indexes, newspaper ,microforms,government documents, interviewing knowledgeable people , writing letters,examining audiovisual factors, watching tv , listening to radio ,attending lectures and public addresses, local governmental document, reading persnal paper, conducting a survey with a questionair , conducting experiments ,tests and measurement
انیسه فیاضی
چهارشنبه 4 اردیبهشتماه سال 1387 ساعت 11:36 ق.ظ
according to the type of research question, we can use different sources; in some research, interview, in some other one ,distribute the question test,in some cases direct viewing,useing the previouse research , using the statistics information,etc....... can be useful. in our field of study which is literary work , library and internet can be more helpful than the other sources.because our original and good sources is very limited . studying the other articles ,using of encyclopedias, searching among our universities book and pamflet and among the internet pages ,asking from our proffesors and going to the other universities and viewing the previous works and thesis can be more useful for us.eventhough there are alot of sources for gathering information in the first view but unfortunatly all these ways are so limited for an english literature student
this depends on your altenatives and facelities you have around. once i tired to get and access information for my recently research. in this process the first question appeared im my mind was; where should i start my work? books, via internet and my friends who have the clue at this major point. now here i report my procedure:
as my point of interest is history and linguistics and ancient cultures, i foundated a team consists of 3 people. our research was about hittites origin by this title: bible or brozny, who should acknowlegde his defeat?
as i stated at the beginning we had three major strategy. 1-books 2-internet 3- specilsit poeple
without cross functional between our three researchers no success would acheive. so we cosidered 4 perspective for search.
financial perspective: at this level; we measuered our bodget we have for reaserch. while no sponser we had, we should have considered about the money and materials cost. so the free essays, books and . . . would be prefered.
teacher perspective: what kind of material we should use for university and our professor? will our sources be accepted by her or him? on the time she order us is important to bring the research. so traveling will be omitted from our list.
internal process perspective: we three student should make schedule for our work. who is the head master? who should go for people? who should go for libraries? . . ..
learning & growth: at this level, while we are doing the search, we should promote the group knowleged. we needed extra study over the unrelated subjects too. for instance, in hittites study we should know about the linguistics, archeology, orientalizationand . . . ,so intensive feild of study called us. soooo difficultttttt.
our perspectives had 3 targets that initiatives was necessay. our system is balanced scorecard that each branch of it requires a enabler
internet: 1-gooooooooogle search motor 2- typing specific and key words 3- persian webs 4- english webs 5- universities materials available on web 6- using mails 7- yahoooooo 8- msn 9- purchasing cds and dvds from internet
books: 1- index to find words at the end of books ,so no complete reading is needed 2- browsing advertised books 3- the reference books like as orientalists books 4- researches done before 5- olso dictionaries
people: we all three had some imitated friends who knew people and they people knew other people ,so this link of people led to preofessprs, teachers, reaserchers, . . . .
it`s all about us and our strategies.
امیدوارم توانسته باشم رضایت کامل شما را در پاسخ به سوالتان بدست آورده باشم. تمام نوشته ها صرفا از تجربیات و مطالعات شخصی بنده بوده و هیچگونه کوپی برداری از سایتها و بلاگها نداشته ام. با سپاس از استاد گرامی خانم دکتر نیامی
سپیده آذرخش
شنبه 7 اردیبهشتماه سال 1387 ساعت 12:45 ب.ظ
First I decided on a topic. I consulted with my professor and by her guidance I chose the field of my research. She told me to make my title specific enough to describe the contents of the paper, but not so technical that only specialists will understand. The title should be appropriate for the intended audience. The title usually describes the subject matter of the article. Sometimes a title that summarizes the results is more effective. The next step was finding some sources in books or else where. I discovered that some of the sources used in the books are scholarly articles and many of these articles are available online, and I may be able to find a specific article by doing a detailed Internet search. Simply I had to type the entire title of the article into a search engine and put quotations marks around the title. The search will either lead us to that article or it will direct us to another source (article) that quotes our original article. The other source might be just as helpful. Then I skimmed these sources, for getting a feel for whether or not they are relevant. It is very important to find more related articles so I had to read each of their introductions to know if it is about my hypothesis or not. The introductions are usually One to four paragraphs End with a sentence explaining the specific question you asked in this experiment. By Looking at other papers that have been published in my field I could get some idea of what is included in this section because the Research is a human activity based on intellectual investigation and is aimed at discovering, interpreting, and revising human knowledge on different aspects of the world. Research can use the scientific method, but need not do so There should be enough information there to allow another scientist to repeat that experiment.
رضا خزایی
شنبه 7 اردیبهشتماه سال 1387 ساعت 02:22 ب.ظ
consulting with my instructor.then i use the recent sources to gather the information that i need.the journal that was available around me was so helpful for me.
الهام مومنی
شنبه 7 اردیبهشتماه سال 1387 ساعت 11:24 ب.ظ
1_like some researchers for write a research at first we use our experience and our knowledge of topic. Second we can watch television and listen to radio programs. Numerous programs of quality are available if we watch television. For example national and local talk shows often discuss important issues. It is good we have a habit to record vital information on programs. Third we can use audiovisual materials such as: films, music, filmstrips, slides, audio cassettes, phonograph recordings and video cassettes. Then we can use lectures and public addresses. When a person gives a lecture we can write the notes of his lecture and if necessary request a copy of lecture or speech if the lecture reproduced on video, it is available in library and we can use it. After that we can speak with know ledge able people. That has experience about our subject. They can give us valuable in formation. We can reflect there speaks in our search. It is not good we speak with one person it is better we consult with several people. Fur there more, if are title is about government, we can investigate local government document and find good in formation for our subject. Then we can go to the library because in the library we can search different books write by different writer and it gives us good points that help to have a good research. We can use newspaper, magazine and essay. But it is better we use journals because it is better than magazines. Because magazine writers work for pay and they write articles to sell their magazines but authors of journals write for academic honor, and they document all sources. It is good we use recent sources it means maybe a book look valuable, but it is write in 1900 that is very old. It is better our data be modern and up-to-date and it shows our topic is scientific and technical. Then we can consult with our instructor, because he knows the best writers or give us his book that we don’t have it to help us. At the end, we can use internet that has a lot of subjects with different writers. And introduce to us different ideas of another people.
[ بدون نام ]
یکشنبه 8 اردیبهشتماه سال 1387 ساعت 11:08 ب.ظ
Library can be the best place for us to find sources. In the library we can use the card catalogs on computers, data-base information available by telephone transmission and compact disks within the computers in order to find sources faster. If the library does not have the new technology we can search the printed catalogues and indexes. Some of the libraries permit us to go to the stacks, so we can browse specific books ourselves. To choose the best book in a limited time we look at the table of the contents of the book to see if the book is useful for us or no. Searching an index to abstract is another way to find sources in the library. We can read an abstract in the reference room of the library and if the article is useful we can study whole the article. If we want to write about a specific person we can search the biographical indexes. The references section will provide multiple sources and the appendix of this book lists biographical studies by discipline. Some times there are not enough written sources for the subject we are going to write about that; there fore, using the microfilm can be another search technique. The libraries can buy expensive printed volumes or purchase inexpensive microfilm versions of the same material. The sources we need are not always in the library; in this case we should know the techniques by which we can collect data out of the library. The most frequent one is searching in the internet. There are some webs such as Google in which we can browse the best articles or books available. If the data we collected was not enough not only we can interview with knowledgeable people who have experience about our subject but we can also write letters to them and ask specific questions about our research topic. For some research topics questionnaires can produce the data which are needed and we can analyze them quickly. While writing the questions we should remain objective. And finally watching the television and listening to the radio programs can be another way to find sources four our research paper.
حامد زمانی
دوشنبه 9 اردیبهشتماه سال 1387 ساعت 11:45 ق.ظ
There are many ways and strategies to find sources for a research but some of them are better.I think first of all we should find the related books about our subject. After choosing our subject we have to go through books and the best path to it is via libraries, we can go there or we can connect to them if they are online we can use journals,magezines and encyclopedia. Another way is reading articles and researchers which is written by another people. Some people think that watching television or listening to radio can be a good way for the research. Another way is searching in internet. But in my opinion a very good way is talking to experts and the people who are active in the case and expend many years in the related topic. We can use their experiences in a really appropriate way. Taking part in the conferences which people talking about the subject and discuss the matter. If we are really serious about the subject and it needs doing experiments so we need to take many people in the experiments. I mean give them questioners and ask them to answer clearly and correctly. Another way is to use photocopies of the documents of the subject and archives and collections of the universities. I think read the articles which is in English and gather data in English because they are more trustworthy.
What Strategies and search techniques did you use to find sources for your research paper? Most researchers know that a great amount of information exists on almost any topic. However, this knowledge is not enough. They should know the procedures to find and examine the relevant sources. Depending on the familiarity of the researchers with the topic, various procedures can be followed. If the researcher is not familiar with topic, probably an appropriate technique to start literature review is to refer to an encyclopedia. Encyclopedias are used to check for factual information or to get an overview of the topic. Furthermore, encyclopedias provide reasonably acceptable bibliographical information from which the researchers can start an in-depth search. There are two well-known encyclopedias called Britannica and Americana. Both are equally informative and useful. Of course, there exist some more specialized types of encyclopedias such as encyclopedia of sciences, encyclopedia of religions, encyclopedia of philosophy, encyclopedia of health, etc. Each of which provides useful guidelines to find relevant pieces of information on topic in specified areas. Although encyclopedias are valuable sources of information, a researcher who is familiar with the topic does not start with an encyclopedia. Such a researcher might go straight to more specialized references. In such cases, probably the most informative source of information is the citation of abstracts. There is almost a list of abstract for any given field of inquiry. Psychological abstracts, linguistics abstracts, and educational abstracts, just to name a few, give the summaries of the articles, MA these, PhD dissertation, and sometimes the published books. Since abstracts are short (about 150-200 words), they can be read quickly. From among the abstracts, the researcher can select the most relevant ones for his research. Another source of information for the researchers who are familiar with the topic of investigation is reference books and articles. Due to the abundance of materials, the researcher should concentrate on some key authors, key topics, and key studies. There are some other sources to which researchers can refer: Dictionaries, almanacs, year book, educational handbooks, statistical information published by different organizations, directories, governmental publications, book lists, book reviews, and periodicals are well-known sources of information for researchers. Periodicals are the most valuable and informative source of information. At present there are almost quite a few scientific journals published in any area of science. These journals provide the most up-to-date information about different topics in each field. One more source of information should be introduced. With the advancement in technology and the employment of computer facilities, the Educational Resource Information Center, abbreviated as ERIC, was established in 1964. Ever since, almost all articles and books have been stored in computerized forms in this organization. With the availability of on-line search system in most educational centers, access to this wealth of information has become increasingly fruitful. ERIC provides almost any piece of information in the area of education. Researchers, therefore, are strongly recommended to consult ERIC before getting into the tedious procedure of literature review.
Firstly, I think about my subject. I try to find a subject that I like it. Because liking the subject is a best motivation to do it as perfectly as possible; also, it helps us to continue it eagerly. In addition, it is my first research and I choose a somehow easy subject for my research paper. Then, I use expert opinion by searching on the internet. I mostly use the internet because it is more available source for gaining information than other sources. Also, I have some articles are given to me by my previous semester's instructor. I find some articles about my subject and I am going to study them.
In any research the hardest part is the start,many information at first we need.First we must writing out the title and then list at least three or four main points that we plan to write about in relation to the topic.Some point that i notice for choosing good sources for my research paper are:1)choose a mixture of internet research ,professional journal,books,and newspaper article.2)i choose some topics,but i try to find difference between primary sources and secondary sources ,and try to use as many primary sources as i can find.Secondary sources are experiences of others while primary sources include first_hand research and experiences.3)make good use of refrences that i find in professional journal,books,or articles.4)keep our research organized.5)Try to go to the library for finding some good article for research.6)try to find difference between acceptable and unacceptable internet research.There are some steps for finding information for a research paper :1)Identify and develop our topic,state our topic as a question.for example :What effect does use of televisionhave on the health of primary students?2)Find background information,look up our keywords in the encyclopedias,or dictionary.3)use catalogs to find books and media.4)use indexes to find periodical articles.5)find internet resourse.6)Evaluate what you find .try to critically analyze information sources.7)Cite what we find using a standard format.There are infinite number of methods,but some of them are most popular that i describe them below:first,FREEWRITING,set a timer for five to Ten minutes,then start to write,and don't stop.Our pen moving on paper ,write all thing that come to your mind.like the stream_of _consciousness,writing where you write what you think as You’re thinking it.don't worry about grammer ,spelling ,or forming sentences.Just try to think,andyou can't censor yourself.Time 's up. Now you write many words.2)BRAINSTORMING,this is quite similar to freewritingin how to treat our thought processes.There is non _punctuated,free_flowing paragraph,we just note down words or short phrases ,like power,culture,knowledge,....3)clustering/webbing/mapping.Basically the same as brainstormingbut for more visually.we start with a centeral word written in the middle of an unlined piece of paper.At the end of a successful cluster session,you'llfocuse on the blossoming areas and Will even be able to drow arrows between concepts to show their relationships.4)CUBING,the general strategy of looking at our topic as would a three_dimensional object with many sides.5)HEURISTICS,mean learning aid or problem _solving technique that uses self _education.
There are many different strategy and techniques for gathering data in research. based on subject of research,strategy and technique become limited. for example in growing bacteria in lab we should use observation way and experimental. my subject matter for research is relationship between age and learning second language, I should choo-se ways that can answer my question that,is there any relationship between age and learning L2 or not. I have several ways for earning sources ,library is one of them. By studying different books about this subject, I can find some sources. Other way is ob-servation, I see classes with students in different ages and search rate of their learning in different ages. next way is question, that I ask from different teachers question abo-ut this subject.other way is Internet that I choose it. Because, it is faster than others and wasting time in it is shorter than. Also, it gives much information from different sources. It gives essays about this subject, results of observations that perform before, it explain result of scientific research that effect on this subject. it also, have different research by different researcher in all the world that give me power of comparison between them. Internet has library so, I can study books in it (instead of going to libr-ary ).I think by this advantage of it, data with gathering this way altogether are more suitable than other ways. Zahra Alimohammadi(iran.zahra@gmail.com)
1-1using public catalog which is a computer version of the card catalog files
2-Using CD-ROM files on computer.ROM means the computer can read the files for you but nobody can write in to the files to change them,it can help you work for general subject to specific topics and reading materials. 3-Using journal rather than magazines. 4-Using scholarly books rather than trade books and encyclopedia. 5-consulting with your instructor. 6-Conducting a citation search.
سپیده آذرخش
دوشنبه 9 اردیبهشتماه سال 1387 ساعت 07:01 ب.ظ
First I decided on a topic. I consulted with my professor and by her guidance I chose the field of my research. She told me to make my title specific enough to describe the contents of the paper, but not so technical that only specialists will understand. The title should be appropriate for the intended audience. The title usually describes the subject matter of the article. Sometimes a title that summarizes the results is more effective. The next step was finding some sources in books or else where. I discovered that some of the sources used in the books are scholarly articles and many of these articles are available online, and I may be able to find a specific article by doing a detailed Internet search. Simply I had to type the entire title of the article into a search engine and put quotations marks around the title. The search will either lead us to that article or it will direct us to another source (article) that quotes our original article. The other source might be just as helpful. Then I skimmed these sources, for getting a feel for whether or not they are relevant. It is very important to find more related articles so I had to read each of their introductions to know if it is about my hypothesis or not. The introductions are usually One to four paragraphs End with a sentence explaining the specific question you asked in this experiment. By Looking at other papers that have been published in my field I could get some idea of what is included in this section because the Research is a human activity based on intellectual investigation and is aimed at discovering, interpreting, and revising human knowledge on different aspects of the world. Research can use the scientific method, but need not do so There should be enough information there to allow another scientist to repeat that experiment.
most reaserchers know that a great amount of information exist on almost any topic.This knowledge is not enough. They shouid know the proceduers to find and examine the relevant sources.If the reasercher is not familiar with the topic probably an appropriate technique to start literature review is to refer to an encyclopedia.Encyclopedias used to check for factual information or to get an overview of the topic.Furthermore encyclopedias provide a reasonably acceptable bibliographical information from which the reasercher can start an in-depth search.There are two well-known encyclopedia called Britannica and Americana.both are equally informative and usefull.There is almost a list of abstract for any given field of inquiry. .Another source of information for the reaserchers who are familiar with the topic of investigastion is reference books and articles.
First about two weeks may be before this time I thought about my subject to choice . in this period I ask himself : what questions do I have now about the material? Or have I had any contact with this subject before? What do I want to understand better ? what subject is important enough to me that I need to spend time and energy learning more about it ? then found I have a question which is question for me now & before this time . This is my question : WHAT IS THE BEST AGE FOR LEARNING 2ND LANGUAGE ? I had lots of thinking first I because confused & frustrated . I made some quastion for myself for example what this the effect of 2_3 languages on the mind ? Finally I decided to write about learning 2nd language & I tired made it to narrow down so . in my opionion the best age for that is 6 to 13 . so first I made my assumption with a question . Now in this time I think I need a notebook for recording my program & my free writing such as my assumption , source section , research strategy section & so on . 2nd is turning judgmental statement in to infrence . here after I read my research paper which are I gathered when I read those I became doubt about my assumption . 3nd : is defining my terma : I should use the terms which are related to my subject . infact the terms should be say about my subject .This my question & realy interested in that it was my problem & many other people who are around us & they problem with that , what is the best age & hen they or their children should be start to learn 2nd languae .
صدیقه فیضی
سهشنبه 10 اردیبهشتماه سال 1387 ساعت 08:23 ب.ظ
Different techniques are required to find sources. They relate to field of our research. For example historical research needs documents and official/non official records. In economic research we need different people's idea. However these ways can usually help us in obtaining information: 1. Personal experience or sensory experience: it is the most immediate way of obtaining knowledge.2. Expert opinion: we should say that the nature of this kind of knowledge is somewhat subjective. They are available through published materials like books, journals and articles.3. Logic: the earliest record of logic is credited to Aristotle; the famous Greek philosopher, who initiated deductive reasoning. however, the inadequacies of accumulating knowledge through these sources forced scholars to develop what is presently known as the scientific method in research. The scientific method used in both natural and social sciences is derived from a system of philosophy known as positivism. According to that only observable phenomena could be researched.
راضیه مرتضائی
سهشنبه 10 اردیبهشتماه سال 1387 ساعت 09:35 ب.ظ
اشرف امیری
سهشنبه 10 اردیبهشتماه سال 1387 ساعت 10:29 ب.ظ
In my opinion,Primary sources were either created during the time period being studied, or were created at a later date by a participant in the events being studied (as in the case of memoirs) and they reflect the individual view point of a participant or observer. Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to what actually happened during an historical event or time period. To find most library sources we can use expert ideas or some previous researches which is available.
How much information is available to researchers in the Internet؟ Web directories are lists of sites, along with brief descriptions of their content, selected and compiled by knowledgeable editors. Directories can be browsed by topic and are good starting points for most Internet research because they offer quick access to the best known and most useful sites.
رویا مومن
سهشنبه 10 اردیبهشتماه سال 1387 ساعت 10:57 ب.ظ
For gathering data and find good sources there are a lot of ways that depend on your situation, when you are in a library and you are using a book most important thing is the name of the book and its author those should be related to your subject of research, you should check the index of the book that palace at the end of the book and say which word is where in that book or bibliographies that help the sources that your book is take from or table of contents of the book that contain name of each unit and each part and the number of the pages, but for using computers you should know PAC that contains of something like author, title of the book, its publication, etc ,CD-ROM s and best way is using websites with online services, and you can use some interviews for finding the scientist or knowledgeable people about that special subject or you can write letter to someone that have information and can help you and you can attach the letter to your research. But most important thing in gathering data and classified them, therefore you shod prepare some small cards that names note cards. there are some kind of them, for example you can quoted exact text or you say what the text mean and its main idea, or say something that show just a summery of that quotation. You understand something during reading books and searching and interviewing people, so you can write your own note cards. But be careful to avoid plagiarism that mean use others writing or quotation as yours. Your professor is best way to help you to find some sources and you can ask him or her for help, ask some website addresses and some books that are related to your research.
Shakiba Amiri
سهشنبه 10 اردیبهشتماه سال 1387 ساعت 11:37 ب.ظ
As you know there are so many ways and techniques to find sources for a research paper,such as relevant books,essays,journals and etc of libraries or websites. I myself prefered to use educational journals for the relevens topic on which I am doing researches,and I got most of this journals from the library of Modares university.
سمیه کاظمی
سهشنبه 10 اردیبهشتماه سال 1387 ساعت 11:42 ب.ظ
To find the reliable sources is very important to write a research paper. So there are some strategies to find these sources and arrange them in an appropriate way. First, where one can find these information? I used books of National Library and the essays in the internet. However, all the books and essays are not reliable. So, to find the best ones, I speak with experts to study the best sources. Because I really wondered in a large amount of information which confused me! I had to copy some pages of those books or save the essays in CDs. Then, I print them and read completely. I used especial dictionaries and encyclopedias to find the literary terms like dictionary of Allusions, Dictionary of symbols, Encyclopedia of Art and Theatre, Encyclopedia of Postmodernism… I had to study some postmodern plays and essays to find an outlook and whole space of the postmodernism. Unfortunately, there are little sources base on the linguistics in Iran. So I had to find them so hard. Some books have one version in libraries. Sometimes I had to borrow them from my professors which had a version of those specific books. In national library I used the computers who are supposed to help the researchers to find their books and essays soon. However, some of information concluding of these computers was not suitable for me. So I loosed my times between the books which were not relating to my topic. So, to study the references is really important to save the time. The publication company, author, the year of publication is so important. In the internet, research motors like Google are helpful but how to use it would be more helpful! Keywords are important to find the best essays. To notice the address and the date upon which the writer of the essay has added are important too. This date is necessary because authors of online articles can change the content of their articles after a research has read and used information from that source.Before using the internet make a list of words and phrases that seem to be helpful relating to subject.
[ بدون نام ]
چهارشنبه 11 اردیبهشتماه سال 1387 ساعت 04:33 ب.ظ
صدیقه فیضی
چهارشنبه 11 اردیبهشتماه سال 1387 ساعت 08:23 ب.ظ
با سلام من پاسخ هر دو سوال را دیروز( ۱۰اردیبهشت) فرستادم اما روی سایت نیست. با توجه به اینکه از هشتم مشکل در ارسال داشتم یعنی به دست شما نرسیده است؟ با تشکر
[ بدون نام ]
پنجشنبه 12 اردیبهشتماه سال 1387 ساعت 01:49 ق.ظ
فزحناز عسگری
پنجشنبه 12 اردیبهشتماه سال 1387 ساعت 09:03 ب.ظ
most college libraries have a public access catalog or PAC. It will guide quikly from general subjects to subtopics and finally to specific books. Another one is searching in the Heading in the printed index or inspecting a books table of contents to find and evaluate subject.
راضیه مرتضائی
پنجشنبه 12 اردیبهشتماه سال 1387 ساعت 11:25 ب.ظ
for finding best sources for research i can use consulting with my instructor and the librarians.instructors know the field; know the best writers and can provide a brief list to get my started. librarians know the resourses of the library.thir job is to serve my needs. also i can using recent sourses scientific and technical topic always require up-to-date research.i can using journal rather than magezines.magezine writers work for pay and they may sensationalize some articles to sell magezines.the authours of journals write for academic honor and they document all sourses in addition journal writers publishe through university press and academic organization.and i use scholarly books rather than trade books.scholarly books like journal articles are subjected to carfull review before publication. they are published because they give the very best treatment on a subject.scholarly books treat academic topics with in-depth discussions and carefull documentation of the evidence but trade books are published to make money for the authors and the publishers and i donot use trade books.also using internet can help us to find a best topic and sources.
we can use cd rom files on computers .most college libraries now have compact disk or cd rom facilities wich means that data-base files are located on a compact disk stored as read only memory in the computer.also we can search in an encyclopedia articles. an encyclopedia cotains not only an alphabetical list of topics but also in-depth discussions that can trigger your own ideas.
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The secret of an effective research paper is the research process.
The successful research project begins in the mind of the researcher.our critical thinking is important in any research project ,this thinking critical are include observing , questioning
,investigating , analyzing. In the beginning a process of research we can asking questions and gathering information that find answers to those questions.so we need to Notebook for that project .notebook is a centeral place to keep an ongoing record of the various activities in which we will be engaged that our notebook have four major divisions.
1.source section: a place to keep a list of books,articles about our subject.
2.research strategy section: contains lists of things to do, for examole writing the research questions by our working hypothesis.
3.reading section of notebook :reading critically and taking notes.
4.working hypothesis section of our nootbook .we have a working hypothesis that we should return to this part of our notebook every few days.
After notebook we must desiding on the research question that can be include:
What do I want to know more about?what have I enjoyed learning about?
Have I heard anything about the subject on the ardio or TV?
We must choose something that need to understand better.
Now we need formulating our working hypothesis that have 2 strategys:
1.discovering our assumptions about your area of investigation.
we ourself must be aware of the thoughts and feeling we have about our subject.
We must go back to our original reasons for selecting our assumption.why we choose this assumption?
2.defining our terms
is a way to clarify our idea.the words on the page must reflect what we have in our head.
These two strategies are designed to help we come up with a statement that is precise , that says directly what we want it to say.
The secret of an effective research paper is the research process.
The successful research project begins in the mind of the researcher.our critical thinking is important in any research project ,this thinking critical are include observing , questioning
,investigating , analyzing. In the beginning a process of research we can asking questions and gathering information that find answers to those questions.so we need to Notebook for that project .notebook is a centeral place to keep an ongoing record of the various activities in which we will be engaged that our notebook have four major divisions.
1.source section: a place to keep a list of books,articles about our subject.
2.research strategy section: contains lists of things to do, for examole writing the research questions by our working hypothesis.
3.reading section of notebook :reading critically and taking notes.
4.working hypothesis section of our nootbook .we have a working hypothesis that we should return to this part of our notebook every few days.
After notebook we must desiding on the research question that can be include:
What do I want to know more about?what have I enjoyed learning about?
Have I heard anything about the subject on the ardio or TV?
We must choose something that need to understand better.
Now we need formulating our working hypothesis that have 2 strategys:
1.discovering our assumptions about your area of investigation.
we ourself must be aware of the thoughts and feeling we have about our subject.
We must go back to our original reasons for selecting our assumption.why we choose this assumption?
2.defining our terms
is a way to clarify our idea.the words on the page must reflect what we have in our head.
These two strategies are designed to help we come up with a statement that is precise , that says directly what we want it to say.
go to library to research a specific subject
data based information, compact disks within computer ,journals , articles , using a computer search , seraching printed indexes,essays that writting on books , card catalogs on computers , biographical indexes for authors and personalities, searching the newspaper,using the government document,interweing knowledgeble people,examining audiovisual materials , watching tv and listening to radio programs ,attending lectures and public addressess, reading personal paper, conducting a survey with a questionnaire
go to library , computers, data based information , card catalogs,computers disk on computers , journals , articles , computer search ,search printed indexes, newspaper ,microforms,government documents, interviewing knowledgeable people , writing letters,examining audiovisual factors, watching tv , listening to radio ,attending lectures and public addresses, local governmental document, reading persnal paper, conducting a survey with a questionair , conducting experiments ,tests and measurement
according to the type of research question, we can use different sources; in some research, interview, in some other one ,distribute the question test,in some cases direct viewing,useing the previouse research , using the statistics information,etc....... can be useful. in our field of study which is literary work , library and internet can be more helpful than the other sources.because our original and good sources is very limited . studying the other articles ,using of encyclopedias, searching among our universities book and pamflet and among the internet pages ,asking from our proffesors and going to the other universities and viewing the previous works and thesis can be more useful for us.eventhough there are alot of sources for gathering information in the first view but unfortunatly all these ways are so limited for an english literature student
this depends on your altenatives and facelities you have around.
once i tired to get and access information for my recently research. in this process the first question appeared im my mind was; where should i start my work? books, via internet and my friends who have the clue at this major point. now here i report my procedure:
as my point of interest is history and linguistics and ancient cultures, i foundated a team consists of 3 people. our research was about hittites origin by this title: bible or brozny, who should acknowlegde his defeat?
as i stated at the beginning we had three major strategy. 1-books 2-internet 3- specilsit poeple
without cross functional between our three researchers no success would acheive.
so we cosidered 4 perspective for search.
financial perspective- teacher perspective -internal process perspective -learning & growth perspective.
financial perspective: at this level; we measuered our bodget we have for reaserch. while no sponser we had, we should have considered about the money and materials cost. so the free essays, books and . . . would be prefered.
teacher perspective: what kind of material we should use for university and our professor? will our sources be accepted by her or him? on the time she order us is important to bring the research. so traveling will be omitted from our list.
internal process perspective: we three student should make schedule for our work. who is the head master? who should go for people? who should go for libraries? . . ..
learning & growth: at this level, while we are doing the search, we should promote the group knowleged. we needed extra study over the unrelated subjects too. for instance, in hittites study we should know about the linguistics, archeology, orientalizationand . . . ,so intensive feild of study called us. soooo difficultttttt.
our perspectives had 3 targets that initiatives was necessay. our system is balanced scorecard that each branch of it requires a enabler
internet: 1-gooooooooogle search motor 2- typing specific and key words 3- persian webs 4- english webs 5- universities materials available on web 6- using mails 7- yahoooooo 8- msn
9- purchasing cds and dvds from internet
books: 1- index to find words at the end of books ,so no complete reading is needed 2- browsing advertised books 3- the reference books like as orientalists books 4- researches done before 5- olso dictionaries
people: we all three had some imitated friends who knew people and they people knew other people ,so this link of people led to preofessprs, teachers, reaserchers, . . . .
it`s all about us and our strategies.
امیدوارم توانسته باشم رضایت کامل شما را در پاسخ به سوالتان بدست آورده باشم. تمام نوشته ها صرفا از تجربیات و مطالعات شخصی بنده بوده و هیچگونه کوپی برداری از سایتها و بلاگها نداشته ام. با سپاس از استاد گرامی خانم دکتر نیامی
First I decided on a topic. I consulted with my professor and by her guidance I chose the field of my research. She told me to make my title specific enough to describe the contents of the paper, but not so technical that only specialists will understand. The title should be appropriate for the intended audience. The title usually describes the subject matter of the article. Sometimes a title that summarizes the results is more effective. The next step was finding some sources in books or else where. I discovered that some of the sources used in the books are scholarly articles and many of these articles are available online, and I may be able to find a specific article by doing a detailed Internet search. Simply I had to type the entire title of the article into a search engine and put quotations marks around the title. The search will either lead us to that article or it will direct us to another source (article) that quotes our original article. The other source might be just as helpful. Then I skimmed these sources, for getting a feel for whether or not they are relevant. It is very important to find more related articles so I had to read each of their introductions to know if it is about my hypothesis or not. The introductions are usually One to four paragraphs End with a sentence explaining the specific question you asked in this experiment. By Looking at other papers that have been published in my field I could get some idea of what is included in this section because the Research is a human activity based on intellectual investigation and is aimed at discovering, interpreting, and revising human knowledge on different aspects of the world. Research can use the scientific method, but need not do so There should be enough information there to allow another scientist to repeat that experiment.
consulting with my instructor.then i use the recent sources to gather the information that i need.the journal that was available around me was so helpful for me.
1_like some researchers for write a research at first we use our experience and our knowledge of topic. Second we can watch television and listen to radio programs. Numerous programs of quality are available if we watch television. For example national and local talk shows often discuss important issues. It is good we have a habit to record vital information on programs. Third we can use audiovisual materials such as: films, music, filmstrips, slides, audio cassettes, phonograph recordings and video cassettes. Then we can use lectures and public addresses. When a person gives a lecture we can write the notes of his lecture and if necessary request a copy of lecture or speech if the lecture reproduced on video, it is available in library and we can use it. After that we can speak with know ledge able people. That has experience about our subject. They can give us valuable in formation. We can reflect there speaks in our search. It is not good we speak with one person it is better we consult with several people. Fur there more, if are title is about government, we can investigate local government document and find good in formation for our subject. Then we can go to the library because in the library we can search different books write by different writer and it gives us good points that help to have a good research. We can use newspaper, magazine and essay. But it is better we use journals because it is better than magazines. Because magazine writers work for pay and they write articles to sell their magazines but authors of journals write for academic honor, and they document all sources. It is good we use recent sources it means maybe a book look valuable, but it is write in 1900 that is very old. It is better our data be modern and up-to-date and it shows our topic is scientific and technical. Then we can consult with our instructor, because he knows the best writers or give us his book that we don’t have it to help us. At the end, we can use internet that has a lot of subjects with different writers. And introduce to us different ideas of another people.
Library can be the best place for us to find sources. In the library we can use the card catalogs on computers, data-base information available by telephone transmission and compact disks within the computers in order to find sources faster. If the library does not have the new technology we can search the printed catalogues and indexes. Some of the libraries permit us to go to the stacks, so we can browse specific books ourselves. To choose the best book in a limited time we look at the table of the contents of the book to see if the book is useful for us or no. Searching an index to abstract is another way to find sources in the library. We can read an abstract in the reference room of the library and if the article is useful we can study whole the article. If we want to write about a specific person we can search the biographical indexes. The references section will provide multiple sources and the appendix of this book lists biographical studies by discipline. Some times there are not enough written sources for the subject we are going to write about that; there fore, using the microfilm can be another search technique. The libraries can buy expensive printed volumes or purchase inexpensive microfilm versions of the same material.
The sources we need are not always in the library; in this case we should know the techniques by which we can collect data out of the library. The most frequent one is searching in the internet. There are some webs such as Google in which we can browse the best articles or books available. If the data we collected was not enough not only we can interview with knowledgeable people who have experience about our subject but we can also write letters to them and ask specific questions about our research topic. For some research topics questionnaires can produce the data which are needed and we can analyze them quickly. While writing the questions we should remain objective. And finally watching the television and listening to the radio programs can be another way to find sources four our research paper.
There are many ways and strategies to find sources for a research but some of them are better.I think first of all we should find the related books about our subject.
After choosing our subject we have to go through books and the best path to it is via libraries, we can go there or we can connect to them if they are online
we can use journals,magezines and encyclopedia.
Another way is reading articles and researchers which is written by another people.
Some people think that watching television or listening to radio can be a good way for the research.
Another way is searching in internet.
But in my opinion a very good way is talking to experts and the people who are active in the case and expend many years in the related topic.
We can use their experiences in a really appropriate way.
Taking part in the conferences which people talking about the subject and discuss the matter.
If we are really serious about the subject and it needs doing experiments so we need to take many people in the experiments.
I mean give them questioners and ask them to answer clearly and correctly.
Another way is to use photocopies of the documents of the subject and archives and collections of the universities.
I think read the articles which is in English and gather data in English because they are more trustworthy.
What Strategies and search techniques did you use to find sources for your research paper?
Most researchers know that a great amount of information exists on almost any topic. However, this knowledge is not enough. They should know the procedures to find and examine the relevant sources.
Depending on the familiarity of the researchers with the topic, various procedures can be followed.
If the researcher is not familiar with topic, probably an appropriate technique to start literature review is to refer to an encyclopedia. Encyclopedias are used to check for factual information or to get an overview of the topic. Furthermore, encyclopedias provide reasonably acceptable bibliographical information from which the researchers can start an in-depth search.
There are two well-known encyclopedias called Britannica and Americana. Both are equally informative and useful. Of course, there exist some more specialized types of encyclopedias such as encyclopedia of sciences, encyclopedia of religions, encyclopedia of philosophy, encyclopedia of health, etc. Each of which provides useful guidelines to find relevant pieces of information on topic in specified areas.
Although encyclopedias are valuable sources of information, a researcher who is familiar with the topic does not start with an encyclopedia. Such a researcher might go straight to more specialized references. In such cases, probably the most informative source of information is the citation of abstracts.
There is almost a list of abstract for any given field of inquiry. Psychological abstracts, linguistics abstracts, and educational abstracts, just to name a few, give the summaries of the articles, MA these, PhD dissertation, and sometimes the published books. Since abstracts are short (about 150-200 words), they can be read quickly. From among the abstracts, the researcher can select the most relevant ones for his research.
Another source of information for the researchers who are familiar with the topic of investigation is reference books and articles. Due to the abundance of materials, the researcher should concentrate on some key authors, key topics, and key studies.
There are some other sources to which researchers can refer: Dictionaries, almanacs, year book, educational handbooks, statistical information published by different organizations, directories, governmental publications, book lists, book reviews, and periodicals are well-known sources of information for researchers. Periodicals are the most valuable and informative source of information. At present there are almost quite a few scientific journals published in any area of science. These journals provide the most up-to-date information about different topics in each field.
One more source of information should be introduced. With the advancement in technology and the employment of computer facilities, the Educational Resource Information Center, abbreviated as ERIC, was established in 1964. Ever since, almost all articles and books have been stored in computerized forms in this organization. With the availability of on-line search system in most educational centers, access to this wealth of information has become increasingly fruitful. ERIC provides almost any piece of information in the area of education. Researchers, therefore, are strongly recommended to consult ERIC before getting into the tedious procedure of literature review.
Firstly, I think about my subject. I try to find a subject that I like it. Because liking the subject is a best motivation to do it as perfectly as possible; also, it helps us to continue it eagerly. In addition, it is my first research and I choose a somehow easy subject for my research paper.
Then, I use expert opinion by searching on the internet. I mostly use the internet because it is more available source for gaining information than other sources. Also, I have some articles are given to me by my previous semester's instructor. I find some articles about my subject and I am going to study them.
In any research the hardest part is the start,many information at first we need.First we must writing out the title and then list at least three or four main points that we plan to write about in relation to the topic.Some point that i notice for choosing good sources for my research paper are:1)choose a mixture of internet research ,professional journal,books,and newspaper article.2)i choose some topics,but i try to find difference between primary sources and secondary sources ,and try to use as many primary sources as i can find.Secondary sources are experiences of others while primary sources include first_hand research and experiences.3)make good use of refrences that i find in professional journal,books,or articles.4)keep our research organized.5)Try to go to the library for finding some good article for research.6)try to find difference between acceptable and unacceptable internet research.There are some steps for finding information for a research paper :1)Identify and develop our topic,state our topic as a question.for example :What effect does use of televisionhave on the health of primary students?2)Find background information,look up our keywords in the encyclopedias,or dictionary.3)use catalogs to find books and media.4)use indexes to find periodical articles.5)find internet resourse.6)Evaluate what you find .try to critically analyze information sources.7)Cite what we find using a standard format.There are infinite number of methods,but some of them are most popular that i describe them below:first,FREEWRITING,set a timer for five to Ten minutes,then start to write,and don't stop.Our pen moving on paper ,write all thing that come to your mind.like the stream_of _consciousness,writing where you write what you think as You’re thinking it.don't worry about grammer ,spelling ,or forming sentences.Just try to think,andyou can't censor yourself.Time 's up. Now you write many words.2)BRAINSTORMING,this is quite similar to freewritingin how to treat our thought processes.There is non _punctuated,free_flowing paragraph,we just note down words or short phrases ,like power,culture,knowledge,....3)clustering/webbing/mapping.Basically the same as brainstormingbut for more visually.we start with a centeral word written in the middle of an unlined piece of paper.At the end of a successful cluster session,you'llfocuse on the blossoming areas and Will even be able to drow arrows between concepts to show their relationships.4)CUBING,the general strategy of looking at our topic as would a three_dimensional object with many sides.5)HEURISTICS,mean learning aid or problem _solving technique that uses self _education.
There are many different strategy and techniques for gathering data in research. based on subject of research,strategy and technique become limited. for example in growing bacteria in lab we should use observation way and experimental. my subject matter for research is relationship between age and learning second language, I should choo-se ways that can answer my question that,is there any relationship between age and learning L2 or not. I have several ways for earning sources ,library is one of them. By studying different books about this subject, I can find some sources. Other way is ob-servation, I see classes with students in different ages and search rate of their learning in different ages. next way is question, that I ask from different teachers question abo-ut this subject.other way is Internet that I choose it. Because, it is faster than others and wasting time in it is shorter than. Also, it gives much information from different sources. It gives essays about this subject, results of observations that perform before, it explain result of scientific research that effect on this subject. it also, have different research by different researcher in all the world that give me power of comparison between them. Internet has library so, I can study books in it (instead of going to libr-ary ).I think by this advantage of it, data with gathering this way altogether are more suitable than other ways.
Zahra Alimohammadi(iran.zahra@gmail.com)
1-1using public catalog which is a computer version of the card catalog files
2-Using CD-ROM files on computer.ROM means the computer can read the files for you but nobody can write in to the files to change them,it can help you work for general subject to specific topics and reading materials.
3-Using journal rather than magazines.
4-Using scholarly books rather than trade books and encyclopedia.
5-consulting with your instructor.
6-Conducting a citation search.
First I decided on a topic. I consulted with my professor and by her guidance I chose the field of my research. She told me to make my title specific enough to describe the contents of the paper, but not so technical that only specialists will understand. The title should be appropriate for the intended audience. The title usually describes the subject matter of the article. Sometimes a title that summarizes the results is more effective. The next step was finding some sources in books or else where. I discovered that some of the sources used in the books are scholarly articles and many of these articles are available online, and I may be able to find a specific article by doing a detailed Internet search. Simply I had to type the entire title of the article into a search engine and put quotations marks around the title. The search will either lead us to that article or it will direct us to another source (article) that quotes our original article. The other source might be just as helpful. Then I skimmed these sources, for getting a feel for whether or not they are relevant. It is very important to find more related articles so I had to read each of their introductions to know if it is about my hypothesis or not. The introductions are usually One to four paragraphs End with a sentence explaining the specific question you asked in this experiment. By Looking at other papers that have been published in my field I could get some idea of what is included in this section because the Research is a human activity based on intellectual investigation and is aimed at discovering, interpreting, and revising human knowledge on different aspects of the world. Research can use the scientific method, but need not do so There should be enough information there to allow another scientist to repeat that experiment.
most reaserchers know that a great amount of information exist on almost any topic.This knowledge is not enough. They shouid
know the proceduers to find and examine the relevant sources.If the reasercher is not familiar with the topic probably an
appropriate technique to start literature review is to refer to an encyclopedia.Encyclopedias used to check for factual
information or to get an overview of the topic.Furthermore encyclopedias provide a reasonably acceptable bibliographical
information from which the reasercher can start an in-depth search.There are two well-known encyclopedia called Britannica
and Americana.both are equally informative and usefull.There is almost a list of abstract for any given field of inquiry.
.Another source of information for the reaserchers who are familiar with the topic of investigastion is reference books and
articles.
First about two weeks may be before this time I thought about my subject to choice . in this period I ask himself : what questions do I have now about the material? Or have I had any contact with this subject before? What do I want to understand better ? what subject is important enough to me that I need to spend time and energy learning more about it ? then found I have a question which is question for me now & before this time . This is my question : WHAT IS THE BEST AGE FOR LEARNING 2ND LANGUAGE ?
I had lots of thinking first I because confused & frustrated . I made some quastion for myself for example what this the effect of 2_3 languages on the mind ? Finally I decided to write about learning 2nd language & I tired made it to narrow down so . in my opionion the best age for that is 6 to 13 . so first I made my assumption with a question . Now in this time I think I need a notebook for recording my program & my free writing such as my assumption , source section , research strategy section & so on . 2nd is turning judgmental statement in to infrence . here after I read my research paper which are I gathered when I read those I became doubt about my assumption . 3nd : is defining my terma : I should use the terms which are related to my subject . infact the terms should be say about my subject .This my question & realy interested in that it was my problem & many other people who are around us & they problem with that , what is the best age & hen they or their children should be start to learn 2nd languae .
Different techniques are required to find sources. They relate to field of our research. For example historical research needs documents and official/non official records. In economic research we need different people's idea. However these ways can usually help us in obtaining information: 1. Personal experience or sensory experience: it is the most immediate way of obtaining knowledge.2. Expert opinion: we should say that the nature of this kind of knowledge is somewhat subjective. They are available through published materials like books, journals and articles.3. Logic: the earliest record of logic is credited to Aristotle; the famous Greek philosopher, who initiated deductive reasoning. however, the inadequacies of accumulating knowledge through these sources forced scholars to develop what is presently known as the scientific method in research. The scientific method used in both natural and social sciences is derived from a system of philosophy known as positivism. According to that only observable phenomena could be researched.
In my opinion,Primary sources were either created during the time period being studied, or were created at a later date by a participant in the events being studied (as in the case of memoirs) and they reflect the individual view point of a participant or observer. Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to what actually happened during an historical event or time period. To find most library sources we can use expert ideas or some previous researches which is available.
How much information is available to researchers in the Internet؟
Web directories are lists of sites, along with brief descriptions of their content, selected and compiled by knowledgeable editors. Directories can be browsed by topic and are good starting points for most Internet research because they offer quick access to the best known and most useful sites.
For gathering data and find good sources there are a lot of ways that depend on your situation, when you are in a library and you are using a book most important thing is the name of the book and its author those should be related to your subject of research, you should check the index of the book that palace at the end of the book and say which word is where in that book or bibliographies that help the sources that your book is take from or table of contents of the book that contain name of each unit and each part and the number of the pages, but for using computers you should know PAC that contains of something like author, title of the book, its publication, etc ,CD-ROM s and best way is using websites with online services, and you can use some interviews for finding the scientist or knowledgeable people about that special subject or you can write letter to someone that have information and can help you and you can attach the letter to your research. But most important thing in gathering data and classified them, therefore you shod prepare some small cards that names note cards. there are some kind of them, for example you can quoted exact text or you say what the text mean and its main idea, or say something that show just a summery of that quotation. You understand something during reading books and searching and interviewing people, so you can write your own note cards. But be careful to avoid plagiarism that mean use others writing or quotation as yours. Your professor is best way to help you to find some sources and you can ask him or her for help, ask some website addresses and some books that are related to your research.
As you know there are so many ways and techniques to find sources for a research paper,such as relevant books,essays,journals and etc of libraries or websites.
I myself prefered to use educational journals for the relevens topic on which I am doing researches,and I got most of this journals from the library of Modares university.
To find the reliable sources is very important to write a research paper. So there are some strategies to find these sources and arrange them in an appropriate way. First, where one can find these information? I used books of National Library and the essays in the internet. However, all the books and essays are not reliable. So, to find the best ones, I speak with experts to study the best sources. Because I really wondered in a large amount of information which confused me! I had to copy some pages of those books or save the essays in CDs. Then, I print them and read completely.
I used especial dictionaries and encyclopedias to find the literary terms like dictionary of Allusions, Dictionary of symbols, Encyclopedia of Art and Theatre, Encyclopedia of Postmodernism…
I had to study some postmodern plays and essays to find an outlook and whole space of the postmodernism.
Unfortunately, there are little sources base on the linguistics in Iran. So I had to find them so hard. Some books have one version in libraries. Sometimes I had to borrow them from my professors which had a version of those specific books.
In national library I used the computers who are supposed to help the researchers to find their books and essays soon. However, some of information concluding of these computers was not suitable for me. So I loosed my times between the books which were not relating to my topic. So, to study the references is really important to save the time. The publication company, author, the year of publication is so important.
In the internet, research motors like Google are helpful but how to use it would be more helpful! Keywords are important to find the best essays. To notice the address and the date upon which the writer of the essay has added are important too. This date is necessary because authors of online articles can change the content of their articles after a research has read and used information from that source.Before using the internet make a list of words and phrases that seem to be helpful relating to subject.
با سلام
من پاسخ هر دو سوال را دیروز( ۱۰اردیبهشت) فرستادم اما روی سایت نیست. با توجه به اینکه از هشتم مشکل در ارسال داشتم یعنی به دست شما نرسیده است؟
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most college libraries have a public access catalog or PAC. It will guide quikly from general subjects to subtopics and finally to specific books. Another one is searching in the Heading in the printed index or inspecting a books table of contents to find and evaluate subject.
for finding best sources for research i can use consulting with my instructor and the librarians.instructors know the field; know the best writers and can provide a brief list to get my started. librarians know the resourses of the library.thir job is to serve my needs. also i can using recent sourses scientific and technical topic always require up-to-date research.i can using journal rather than magezines.magezine writers work for pay and they may sensationalize some articles to sell magezines.the authours of journals write for academic honor and they document all sourses in addition journal writers publishe through university press and academic organization.and i use scholarly books rather than trade books.scholarly books like journal articles are subjected to carfull review before publication. they are published because they give the very best treatment on a subject.scholarly books treat academic topics with in-depth discussions and carefull documentation of the evidence but trade books are published to make money for the authors and the publishers and i donot use trade books.also using internet can help us to find a best topic and sources.
we can use cd rom files on computers .most college libraries now have compact disk or cd rom facilities wich means that data-base files are located on a compact disk stored as read only memory in the computer.also we can search in an encyclopedia articles. an encyclopedia cotains not only an alphabetical list of topics but also in-depth discussions that can trigger your own ideas.